Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions

Prenner, Gerhard; Bateman, Richard M.; Rudall, Paula J.

doi:10.1002/tax.591022

Cited by 46 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The perianth is typically polysymmetric and often bowlshaped, though narrowly so in the case of capitula. The basic floral formula, following Prenner et al (2010), is B K4 -6*, C4 -6* or 0, A4 -6 ↔ 4 -6* or ∞, G(3 -5)*, Vx∞. The petals, when present, are free.…”

Section: Flowers and Inflorescences In Cunoniaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Floral biology of the Cunoniaceae in New Caledonia and the role of insects, birds and geckos as potential pollinators

Hopkins

Bradford

Donovan³

et al. 2015

Kew Bull

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Cunoniaceae are represented in New Caledonia by some 90 species, all of them endemic, and the family is thus a significant element in this diverse island flora. We present a descriptive survey of floral biology for the seven genera present, covering floral structure and colour, inflorescence shape, sexual system and phenology, plus details of floral visitors, where known, based on field observations; individual records of potential pollinators are tabulated in appendices. The flowers are polysymmetric (or almost so) and provide nectar and/or pollen as floral rewards. Two genera are dioecious and some species are mass flowering. Generalist entomophily is associated with several floral syndromes although the introduction of Apis mellifera has partially obscured historic relationships between some Cunoniaceae and their insect-pollinators. Codia and Pancheria both have sweetly scented, often creamish, spherical capitula and their floral visitors include honey bees, beetles, flies and native bees, especially halictids. Spiraeanthemum and Hooglandia have small, often whitish flowers in paniculate inflorescences but data on potential pollinators are few. Racemes occur in Weinmannia (flowers white, apparently scentless) and Cunonia p.p. (flowers white, pink or reddish with a faint foetid odour); visitors are mostly honey bees, plus ants, butterflies and native bees, and occasionally birds in the case of two reddish-flowered species. Ornithophily occurs in Geissois (flowers red, scentless, in bottle-brush racemes) and Cunonia macrophylla (flowers yellowgreen, in one-sided racemes); their floral visitors are commonly Meliphagidae plus some Psittacidae and Zosteropidae. Pteropodid bats are also occasional visitors to Geissois. Geckos have been reported as flower-visitors in two genera though their contribution to pollen transfer is likely to be sporadic at most. Topics that require further investigation include some details of floral biology and the floral cycle, and the possible adaptive significance of different inflorescence shapes. Unanswered questions include: What visits taxa with paniculate inflorescences?, and for all genera: Which types of floral visitor are the most efficient pollinators? For the family as a whole, generalist entomophily appears to be the ancestral mode of pollen transfer and morphological specialisations to ornithophily have occurred independently in two groups of species and possibly in a third. Our data on birds and geckos agree with a known trend for these types of floral visitation and pollination to be well developed on islands, and flower-visiting by lizards in New Caledonia is likely to be more common than has been documented so far, both in Cunoniaceae and in the flora as a whole.

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Section: Flowers and Inflorescences In Cunoniaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Floral biology of the Cunoniaceae in New Caledonia and the role of insects, birds and geckos as potential pollinators

Hopkins

Bradford

Donovan³

et al. 2015

Kew Bull

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“…4):1; G1; Vm8-13. Here and further we use the format of floral formulae proposed by Prenner et al (2010).…”

Section: Astragalus Karl-heinziimentioning

confidence: 99%

Terata of two legume species with radialized corolla: some correlations in floral symmetry

et al. 2015

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Most papilionoid legumes (Leguminosae) are characterized by zygomorphic flowers. Features of monosymmetry are inherent to all floral whorls. We compare flowers of two species of papilionoid legumes with anomalously radialized corollas. Except for vexilloid mode of all five petals, these flowers were remarkable with their free androecium and (in case of Clitoria ternatea) actinomorphic calyx. The symmetry of the gynoecium remains unaltered. These correlations point at a strong interrelation between perianth and androecium symmetry control, possibly governed by the same genes. A review on floral symmetry in related papilionoid genera indicates that staminal fusion is only possible in case of a discernible adaxial petal (flag). This rule has some exceptions which contribute to the idea of independent recurrent origin of monosymmetry in different leguminous clades.

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“…The value of floral formulae has been highlighted by Prenner & al. (2010) who proposed an updated list of symbols to describe flowers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…

This paper is a discussion and elaboration of a paper by Prenner & al. (2010), entitled "Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions".

…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

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Understanding the structure of flowers—The wonderful tool of floral formulae: A response to Prenner & al.

Craene

Iwamoto

Bull–Hereñu

et al. 2014

TAXON

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This paper is a discussion and elaboration of a paper by Prenner & al. (2010), entitled “Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions”. The aim of the Prenner paper was to promote the use of floral formulae in botany and to reach a consensus among botanists for best practice. An important purpose of floral formulae is to induce users to observe and describe flowers accurately. It is proposed that additional information on anther, ovule, style and stigma should be included. Also, only visible organs should be included in a formula and theoretical speculations should be illustrated with floral diagrams, which are complementary to formulae, unless there is good reason to include absent organs. We propose a universal, standardized method to accurately shorthand a description of a flower. The level of detail given in the formula can be highly flexible and depends on the intentions of the user.

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Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions

Cited by 46 publications

References 38 publications

Floral biology of the Cunoniaceae in New Caledonia and the role of insects, birds and geckos as potential pollinators

Floral biology of the Cunoniaceae in New Caledonia and the role of insects, birds and geckos as potential pollinators

Terata of two legume species with radialized corolla: some correlations in floral symmetry

Understanding the structure of flowers—The wonderful tool of floral formulae: A response to Prenner & al.

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