Floquet description of optically pumped magnetometers

Abstract

We present a theoretical description of the Voigt and Faraday effect based optically pumped magnetometers using the Floquet expansion. Our analysis describes the spin-operator dynamics of the first-F (t ) and second-orderF 2 (t ) moments and takes into account different pumping profiles and decoherence effects. We find that the theoretical results are consistent with previous experimental demonstrations over a wide range of fields and pumping conditions. Finally, the theoretical analysis presented here is generalized and can be extended to different magnetometry schemes with arbitrary pumping profiles and multiple radio-frequency fields.

How to build a magnetometer with thermal atomic vapor: a tutorial

“…These include the density-matrix formalism-whereby the atomic spin state is encoded in multipole moments of a density matrix which evolves, e.g. in the presence of any electromagnetic fields, according to the quantum Liouville equation [41,42]-as well as the Floquet description [43] and representations within the framework of quantum optics [44]. In spectroscopic notation, the electronic energy levels of an atom are denoted nL J .…”

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“…The precise measurement of geomagnetic field has important significance and applications, such as for the geophysical exploration, geomagnetism, archaeology and so on [14][15][16][17]. Usually, the tool for measuring magnetic field is called as the magnetometer [18][19][20][21][22][23]. Given the superconducting quantum interferometer (SQUID) has been developed well for the various sensitive magnetometer applications [19], and also the atomic interferometer possesses the high-precision measurement ability for the gravitational acceleration, in this paper we discuss how to combine these two metrology techniques for the implementation of the sensitivity detection of the earth's magnetic field.…”