Flood risk and adaptation in Indian coastal cities: recent scenarios

Abstract

Coastal cities contrive to spread their transformative influence both into the hinterland, along the coastline, and into the coastal waters themselves. These effects will be intensified in urban agglomerations as the concentration of population and allied activities are more pronounced there compared to the inland regions. Indian coastal cities are no exception, and it is high time to delineate these hazard-prone regions and implement proper mitigation and adaptation strategies at city scale. This review article provides an assessment regarding quantification, management and climate change impacts of flood risks in Surat, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, which are the most populated coastal cities in India. The flood impacts considered in the existing or prevailing analyses are associated with adverse effects on population, land use of cities, transportation and economy caused by different types of riverine and urban flooding, though coastal flooding, tsunami and storm surge effects are less studied. Mumbai and Kolkata are relatively progressive in the assessment of flood risks and adaptation. The present article also suggests strategies to evaluate the relative progress in the assessment of past and future risks and adaptation. We also discuss the mitigation and adaptation strategies considering the historical importance of these cities. We propose that the strategies should be implemented considering public opinion and should be initialized at the grass root level. Though it is technically difficult to re-plan the city structures in the current scenario, it is possible to adapt to and mitigate the effects of natural hazards through suitable planning and management with the integrated cooperation and involvement of citizens and government as well.

COVID-19 Pandemic – Possible implications and effects of monsoons in the Indian sub-continent.

“…Monsoon period is also known for the voracious seasonal flooding, causing the flood impacts that are much exacerbated in the urban agglomerations due to various socio-economic factors (Dhiman et al 2019), which are endogenous to urban areas. We have considered three countries (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) in the Indian sub-continent region because these are the most populous and sites of major megacities, in addition to having the highest number of positive COVID-19 cases in the region.…”

Climate Change and Public Health in India: The 2018 Kerala Floods

“…Kolkata, another metropolis of India, has been identified as one of the world's most flood-prone coastal cities (Balica et al, 2012). Even though climatic factors make these heavily populated cities highly vulnerable, anthropogenic factors, including lack of urban planning, reduced green cover, encroachment of flood plains, clogged river systems, inadequate drainage and sewage, and unsustainable land-use practices, have made them susceptible to frequent flooding (Dhiman et al, 2019).…”

Socio–Economic Analysis of Riverine Flooding on Low-Income Dwellings: Adayar River, a Case Study

“…Climate change may directly alter precipitation and flooding occurs as a consequence of heavy rainfall and anthropogenic activities. Apart from climate change, the expansion of urban areas combined with rainfall conditions and tidal influences are responsible for the increase in the frequency of urban flooding in coastal cities [9]. This situation is aggravated by a lack of planning and delays in the construction of proper drainage infrastructure.…”