Flood impacts on a water distribution network

Arrighi, Chiara; Tarani, Fabio; Vicario, Enrico; Castelli, Fabio

doi:10.5194/nhess-17-2109-2017

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As the main form of transport for travel and trade, train trip loss is merely one impact caused by earthquakes; more important is the consequential socioeconomic impact when trains are disrupted. In future work, the analysis could be extended and combined with macroeconomic impact assessment models (Yamano et al 2007;Wu et al 2012;Merz et al 2013;Koks and Thissen 2016) to evaluate the economic losses caused by service disruptions (Arrighi et al 2017;Pregnolato et al 2017). A more accurate service loss modeling approach is the first step towards looking at socioeconomic impact and performing adaptation prioritization studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic Risk Assessment of the Railway Network of China’s Mainland

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2020

Int J Disaster Risk Sci

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Earthquakes pose a great risk to railway systems and services around the world. In China alone, earthquakes caused 88 rail service disruptions between 2012 and 2019. Here, we present a first-of-its-kind methodology to analyze the seismic risk of a railway system using an empirically derived train service fragility curve. We demonstrate our methodology using the Chinese railway system. In doing so, we generate a set of stochastic earthquake scenarios for China based on a national-scale seismicity model. Using disruption records, we construct an empirically grounded fragility curve that relates the failure probability of train services to peak ground acceleration. By combining the simulated earthquakes, the fragility curve, and empirical train flow data from 2016, we quantitatively assess the seismic impact and the risk faced by the Chinese railway system. The maximum train trip loss could reach 2400 trips in response to a single seismic event, accounting for 34% of the national daily train trips. Due to the spatially uneven daily train flow and seismicity distribution, the seismic impact on the railway system in different seismic zones is highly heterogeneous and does not always increase when the hazard intensity increases. More specifically, the results show that the railway lines located in the Qinghai-Tibet and Xinjiang seismic zones exhibit the highest risk. The generated impact curves and the risk map provide a basis for railway planning and risk management decisions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic Risk Assessment of the Railway Network of China’s Mainland

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2020

Int J Disaster Risk Sci

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“…catchment area, riverbed, distribution network) and relative models (flood model, distribution network model). These models simulate pressure behavior in the nodes of the network if components supplied by electricity are affected by flooding (Arrighi et al, 2017;Tarani et al, 2019);pressure fluctuations or low pressures may lead to contamination from 90 leakage orifices and air vacuum valves (Ebacher et al, 2010;Ellison et al, 2003). Existing works implemented methods which integrate GIS analysis, inundation modelling, and hydraulic network modelling with Pressure-Driven Demand (PDD) (Cheung et al, 2005;Siew and Tanyimboh, 2012;Tarani et al, 2019).…”

Section: Cascading Effects In Cis and Urban Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Existing works implemented methods which integrate GIS analysis, inundation modelling, and hydraulic network modelling with Pressure-Driven Demand (PDD) (Cheung et al, 2005;Siew and Tanyimboh, 2012;Tarani et al, 2019). Two metrics measure flood impact to the WSS operativeness and integrity: (i) the number of inhabitants experiencing lack of service; (ii) the total length of potentially contaminated pipes (Arrighi et al, 2017). 95…”

Section: Cascading Effects In Cis and Urban Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lyu et al, 2018) and direct flood impacts (Winter et al, 2016;Kellermann et al, 2016). Despite indirect impacts and cascade effects are widely assumed as more significant due to the interconnected nature of networks Pant et al, 2016;Arrighi et al 2017), 35 few works are available which address indirect impacts and cascade effects in time and space (Pant et al 2016, Arrighi et al, 2017). Among these works, indirect impacts and cascade effects are mostly addressed with complex conceptual frameworks (Fekete, 2019;Emanuelsson et al, 2014), simplified risk indexes (Lyu et al, 2018;Balijepalli and Oppong 2014;Singh et al 2018) and/or very limited application to real-world case studies (Arrighi et al 2019;Pant et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indirect flood impacts and cascade risk across interdependent linear infrastructures

Arrighi¹,

Pregnolato²,

Castelli³

2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Abstract. Floods are the most frequent and damaging natural threat worldwide. Whereas the assessment of direct impacts is well advanced, the evaluation of indirect impacts is less frequently achieved. Indirect impacts are not due to the physical contact with flood water but result from the reduced performance of infrastructures. Linear critical infrastructures (such as roads and pipes) have an interconnected nature that may lead to failure propagation, so that impacts extend far beyond the inundated areas and/or period. This work presents the risk analysis of two linear infrastructure systems, i.e. the water distribution system (WSS) and the road network system. The evaluation of indirect flood impacts on the two networks is carried out for four flooding scenarios, obtained by a coupled 1D-quasi 2D hydraulic model. Two methods are used for assessing the impacts on the water distribution system and on the road network, a Pressure-Driven Demand network model and a transport network disruption model respectively. The analysis is focused on the identification of: (i) common impact metrics; (ii) vulnerable elements exposed to the flood; (iii) similarities and differences of the methodological aspects for the two networks; (iv) risks due to systemic interdependency. The study presents an application to the metropolitan area of Florence (Italy). When interdependencies are accounted for, results showed that the risk to the WSS in terms of Population Equivalent (PE/year) can be reduced by 71.5 % and 41.8 %, if timely repairs to the WSS stations are accomplished by 60 and 120 minutes respectively; the risk to WSS in terms of pipes length (km/year) reduces by 53.1 % and 15.6 %. The study highlights that resilience is enhanced by system risk-informed planning, which ensures timely interventions on critical infrastructures; however, temporal and spatial scales are difficult to define for indirect impacts and cascade effects. Perspective research could further improve this work by applying a system-risk analysis to multiple urban infrastructures.

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“…Exposure to potentially pathogenic microbes occurs when flooding affects "wastewater treatment plants, residential septic systems, municipal sanitary sewer systems, and agricultural operations" [2]. As water treatment plants rely on electric power and tend to be located near rivers, water distribution systems are particularly at risk for adverse floods impacts, which can affect populations that use these systems [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Assessment of Tap Water Following the 2016 Louisiana Flooding

Phan

Sherchan

2020

IJERPH

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Floods are a prominent risk factor in the world of public health, as there is a risk of dispersal of harmful biological and chemical contaminants in floodwater. As climate change increases, the occurrence of natural disasters and risk of adverse health outcomes due to flash flooding also increases. Fecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Enterococci, are often encountered in contaminated floodwater and can cause gastrointestinal illnesses as well as a variety of infections. In August 2016, East Baton Rouge and surrounding parishes in Louisiana suffered heavy floods due to intense rainfall. No study of water quality during flooding has been conducted previously in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Twenty-three pre-flush and post-flush water samples were collected immediately from accessible homes that had been affected by the floods in order to quantify concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. These samples were analyzed for the presence of E. coli and Enterococci through both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the IDEXX enzyme substrate method. The qPCR results indicated that 30% of the samples contained Enterococci and 61% of the samples contained E. coli, with the highest concentrations found in the pre-flush outdoor hose and the pre-flush kitchen tap. The IDEXX method yielded total coliforms in 65% of the samples, E. coli in 4%, and Enterococci in 35%, with the highest concentrations in the pre-flush outdoor faucet and the pre-flush post-filtration kitchen tap. Physical parameters including temperature, barometer pressure, dissolved oxygen, oxidation reduction potential, pH, conductivity, and salinity of these samples were also recorded. Of these parameters, conductivity and salinity were significant, suggesting they may positively influence E. coli and Enterococci growth.

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Flood impacts on a water distribution network

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Seismic Risk Assessment of the Railway Network of China’s Mainland

Seismic Risk Assessment of the Railway Network of China’s Mainland

Indirect flood impacts and cascade risk across interdependent linear infrastructures

Microbiological Assessment of Tap Water Following the 2016 Louisiana Flooding

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