Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries

Rentschler, Jun; Salhab, Melda; Jafino, Bramka Arga

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-965657/v1

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In contrast, unanticipated and uncontrolled floods driven by weather extremes and infrastructural errors rank as one of the most destructive natural disasters, with potential to cause massive damage in agriculture and forestry, destroy infrastructure, and hazard the public health (Kron, 2005). Flood events affect approximately 23% of the world population (Rentschler et al, 2021) and are steadily increasing since the 1950s in all continents (except Oceania; Planchet et al, 2017). Furthermore, flood intensity is expected to increase with ongoing climate change (Kahraman et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial and pathogenic plant‐microbe interactions during flooding stress

Martínez‐Arias

Witzell

Solla

et al. 2022

Plant Cell & Environment

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The number and intensity of flood events will likely increase in the future, raising the risk of flooding stress in terrestrial plants. Understanding flood effects on plant physiology and plant-associated microbes is key to alleviate flooding stress in sensitive species and ecosystems. Reduced oxygen supply is the main constrain to the plant and its associated microbiome. Hypoxic conditions hamper root aerobic respiration and, consequently, hydraulic conductance, nutrient uptake, and plant growth and development. Hypoxia favours the presence of anaerobic microbes in the rhizosphere and roots with potential negative effects to the plant due to their pathogenic behaviour or their soil denitrification ability. Moreover, plant physiological and metabolic changes induced by flooding stress may also cause dysbiotic changes in endosphere and rhizosphere microbial composition. The negative effects of flooding stress on the holobiont (i.e., the host plant and its associated microbiome) can be mitigated once the plant displays adaptive responses to increase oxygen uptake. Stress relief could also arise from the positive effect of certain beneficial microbes, such as mycorrhiza or dark septate endophytes. More research is needed to explore the spiralling, feedback flood responses of plant and microbes if we want to promote plant flood tolerance from a holobiont perspective.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial and pathogenic plant‐microbe interactions during flooding stress

Martínez‐Arias

Witzell

Solla

et al. 2022

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…They do not capture pluvial ood hazards and ooding along secondary rivers, drastically underestimating exposure 23,25,26,27,28 . One study using coarse ood data projected that the global number of ood-exposed people will reach 1.3 billion by 2050 27 but a more recent high resolution study showed that this threshold has already been exceeded by at least 39% in 2020 29 . This illustrates the importance of using high-resolution data to capture the highly localized nature of ood hazards and people's tendency to avoid settling in the most hazardous locations 23 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Global evidence of rapid urban growth in flood zones since 1985

Rentschler,

Avner,

Marconcini

et al. 2023

Nature

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As countries urbanize, human settlements are rapidly expanding into hazardous ood zones. This study provides a global analysis of spatial urbanization patterns and the evolution of ood exposure between 1985 and 2015. Using high-resolution annual data, it shows that settlements across the world grew by 85 percent to over 1.28 million square kilometers. In the same period, settlements exposed to the highest ood hazard level increased by 122 percent. In many regions, risky growth is outpacing safe growth, particularly in East Asia, where high risk settlements have expanded 60 percent faster than safe ones. Developing countries are driving the recent growth of ood exposure: 82 percent of the 36,500 square kilometers of settlements built in the world's highest-risk zones since 1985 are in low-and middle-income countries. In comparison, recent growth in high-income countries has been relatively slow and safe. These results document a divergence in countries' exposure to ood hazards. Rather than adapting their exposure to climatic hazards, many countries are actively increasing their exposure. introduction Disaster losses are rising, and evidence is mounting that climate change is driving up the probability of extreme natural shocks 1,2,3,4 . Yet, it has also proven politically expedient to invoke climate change as an exogenous force that supposedly places disasters beyond the in uence of local planners and authorities 5,6 . However, locally determined patterns of urbanization and spatial development are key factors to people's exposure and vulnerability to climatic shocks 7 . In this study we show that since 1985 human settlements around the world -from rural villages to large cities -have expanded continuously and rapidly into present ood zones. Globally, settlement growth in high-risk zones is outpacing growth in safe zones by a large margin. This provides systematic evidence that rather than adapting to increasingly frequent climatic shocks, countries around the world are actively increasing their exposure to ood hazards.

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Climate change and inequality

Parsons,

Jowell,

Veidis

et al. 2024

Pediatr Res

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This review explores how climate change is manifesting along existing lines of inequality and thus further exacerbating current health disparities with a particular focus on children and future generations. Climate change risk and vulnerability are not equally distributed, nor is the adaptive capacity to respond to its adverse effects, which include health consequences, economic impacts, and displacement. Existing lines of inequality are already magnifying the adverse effects of climate change. Today’s children and future generations will experience a disproportionate number of adverse climate events than prior generations, especially children in lower-income populations, communities of color, and Indigenous communities. In order to mitigate the crisis of inequity accompanying the climate crisis, systemic action must be taken on a global scale – with a focus on protecting children and future generations, and in empowering youth-led environmental activism and engagement in climate policy. Impact statement Our review offers a current summary of the ways in which inequality is manifesting with respect to climate change in children and future generations. Rather than use a systematic review, we opted to use a theoretical framework to guide our review. We divided the effects of climate change into three effect pathways: via disruptions in (i) climate and weather, (ii) ecosystems, and (iii) society. By dividing our review in this theoretical framework, we can better suggest targeted public health interventions at each effect level. Furthermore, we are able to successfully identify literature gaps and areas of future research.

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Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Beneficial and pathogenic plant‐microbe interactions during flooding stress

Beneficial and pathogenic plant‐microbe interactions during flooding stress

Global evidence of rapid urban growth in flood zones since 1985

Climate change and inequality

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