Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings

Panyutina, Aleksandra A.; Korzun, Leonid P.; Kuznetsov, Alexander N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08756-6

Cited by 27 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…(a) Birds originated from dinosaurs [2] as theropod subgroups gradually evolved appropriate breathing systems, followed by feathers and enlarged forelimbs that eventually formed a wing capable of active flight. The origins of bat flight are less clear, but bats are likely to have evolved from a small, shrew-like mammal [4 -6] which eventually developed enlarged hands to support a membrane wing [6]. This independent pathway occurred much more recently during a time in which birds had already established their current body plans.…”

Section: Morphology As Active Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inspiration for wing design: how forelimb specialization enables active flight in modern vertebrates

Chin¹,

Matloff²,

Stowers³

et al. 2017

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Harnessing flight strategies refined by millions of years of evolution can help expedite the design of more efficient, manoeuvrable and robust flying robots. This review synthesizes recent advances and highlights remaining gaps in our understanding of how bird and bat wing adaptations enable effective flight. Included in this discussion is an evaluation of how current robotic analogues measure up to their biological sources of inspiration. Studies of vertebrate wings have revealed skeletal systems well suited for enduring the loads required during flight, but the mechanisms that drive coordinated motions between bones and connected integuments remain ill-described. Similarly, vertebrate flight muscles have adapted to sustain increased wing loading, but a lack of in vivo studies limits our understanding of specific muscular functions. Forelimb adaptations diverge at the integument level, but both bird feathers and bat membranes yield aerodynamic surfaces with a level of robustness unparalleled by engineered wings. These morphological adaptations enable a diverse range of kinematics tuned for different flight speeds and manoeuvres. By integrating vertebrate flight specializationsparticularly those that enable greater robustness and adaptability-into the design and control of robotic wings, engineers can begin narrowing the wide margin that currently exists between flying robots and vertebrates. In turn, these robotic wings can help biologists create experiments that would be impossible in vivo.

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Section: Morphology As Active Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A representative piezoelectric actuator line is shown for milligram scale actuators like those used in the Robobee robots [93]. Cartoons adapted from [6,15].…”

Section: Wing Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiration for wing design: how forelimb specialization enables active flight in modern vertebrates

Chin¹,

Matloff²,

Stowers³

et al. 2017

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…Vaughan 1959, 1966, 1970a, b, Vaughan and Bateman 1970, Walton and Walton 1970a, b, 1973, Altenbach 1979, Fenton and Crerar 1984, Panyutina et al 2015. Some studies include certain postcranial characters in the analysis of evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships or in ecological studies (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of the axial skeleton of seven bat genera (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Gaudioso

Díaz

Bárquez

2017

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Here we present detailed descriptions and comparisons of the axial skeleton of seven species of bats belonging to five subfamilies of Phyllostomidae of different trophic guilds. The material examined consisted of 34 complete skeletons of seven species. For five of the studied species, previous descriptions have not been conducted, and for the vampires only limited information is available, so that descriptions for these species are here completed. The axial skeleton has characters that allow grouping of the species phylogenetically of the same subfamily and by feeding habits. At the same time, there are characters that associate species from different subfamilies with different types of diet or ways to obtain food.

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“…Today, the transition to bipedal locomotion with full exemption of thoracic limbs from the support function is considered as a stage that preceded the origin of fl apping fl ight of birds (Long et al, 2003;Kurochkin, Bogdanovich, 2008, 2010. In another point of view the gliding (when in process of air locomotion both fore and hind limbs are involved) is much better suited as a transitional stage to fl apping fl ight than bipedalism, which only leads to reduction of muscles and thoracic limbs as whole (Panyutina et al, 2015). It is impossible not to admit that the exemption of the thoracic limbs from the support-locomotor function was followed by their partial reduction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For mammals, however, a scenario in which the gliding stage (colugo stage) preceded the formation of fl apping fl ight (bats stage) was proposed (Panyutina et al, 2015). It is assumed that transition from the fi rst stage (with a well-developed membrane between the fore-and between the hind limbs) to the last is predetermined by increasing of anterior (interdigits) part of the membrane initially for better gliding control (Panyutina et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Preadaptive Stage for Flight Origin

Bogdanovich¹

2017

Vestnik Zoologii

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Pr eadaptive Stage for Flight Origin. Bogdanovich, I. A. -Bipedalism as a preadaptive stage for bird's fl ight is considered. We attribute the formation of full bipedalism in bird ancestors with pelvic limbs transition from segmental to parasagittal position. Th is transition was fast enough. We can assume that the pectoral limbs freed from the support remained while laterally spaced and gave set of transformations with diff erent degrees of reduction. Th us morphologically "winglike" version of the thoracic limbs could appear. Parasagittal pelvic limbs allowed birds ancestors fast and maneuverable running, while the movements of free and highly movable thoracic limbs (feathered unrelated to fl ight) provided dynamic stability of the animal. In addition, their fl uttering movements facilitate hopping from one branch to another and the descent from the trees. On the bottom branches protobirds could jump with perching just by the pelvic anisodactyl limbs, not by thoracic as had supposed earlier. Ac tive interaction of the primary simple feathers with air as well as its protective function could become an impetus for their transformation into diff erentiated structures. Unlike gliding (as preadaptive stage for active fl ight) bipedalism with free feathered forelimbs provides per se parallel development of two autonomous enough locomotor systems of birds (fl ight and terrestrial locomotion) and extensive adaptive radiation of representatives of the class. Key words: bipedalism, fl ight, birds.Despite the long history of the study of the origin of birds and fl ight, the origin and subsequent evolution of feathered wings remains one of the most controversial topics in the vertebrate paleontology (Kaiser, Dyke, 2014). For example, the question of preadaptive stage preceding the fl ight is not entirely unambiguous. As such the terrestrial, through the running and jumping (Dececchi et al., 2016), and arboreal, through gliding (Czercas, Feduccia, 2014) hypotheses are still being discussed.Up to a certain time it was common belief that the way of becoming the birds as a taxon, the transformation of thoracic limbs into wings led to bipedalism (Du Brul, 1962;Ilichyov et al., 1982). Today, the transition to bipedal locomotion with full exemption of thoracic limbs from the support function is considered as a stage that preceded the origin of fl apping fl ight of birds (Long et al., 2003;Kurochkin, Bogdanovich, 2008, 2010. In another point of view the gliding (when in process of air locomotion both fore and hind limbs are involved) is much better suited as a transitional stage to fl apping fl ight than bipedalism, which only leads to reduction of muscles and thoracic limbs as whole (Panyutina et al., 2015). It is impossible not to admit that the exemption of the thoracic limbs from the support-locomotor function was followed by their partial reduction. It is known that reduced organs demonstrate a very large and diverse variability of their parts due to the termination or weakening of natural selection and preservation of indep...

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Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings

Cited by 27 publications

References 49 publications

Inspiration for wing design: how forelimb specialization enables active flight in modern vertebrates

Inspiration for wing design: how forelimb specialization enables active flight in modern vertebrates

Morphology of the axial skeleton of seven bat genera (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Preadaptive Stage for Flight Origin

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