Flight Initiation Distance as Behavioral Indicator of Hunting Pressure: A Case Study of the Sooty-Headed Bulbul (<i>Pycnonotus Aurigaster</i>) in Xishuangbanna, SW China

Sreekar, Rachakonda; Goodale, Eben; Harrison, Rhett D.

doi:10.1177/194008291500800214

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…In areas where human presence is frequent and non-threatening, animals lose their fear of humans and respond with shorter FIDs (Stankowich & Blumstein 2005;Webb & Blumstein 2005;Grolle et al 2014;Tarakini et al 2014;Samia et al 2017). On the other hand, in areas where human presence is associated with threatening or discouraging behaviour such as hunting, animals respond with exaggerated FIDs (Januchowski-Hartley et al 2011;Clucas & Marzluff 2012;Sreekar et al 2015). In certain cases, habituation to humans can cause problems through also affecting habituation to natural predators and because of dietary shifts as animals feed in close proximity to humans (Hines 2011;Geffroy et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Degree of human presence and activities (reserve versus outer farmed areas): Animals in sites with high levels of human presence and activities are often reported to become habituated and have lower FIDs (Stankowich & Blumstein 2005;Webb & Blumstein 2005;Møller 2010;Grolle et al 2014;Tarakini et al 2014), Likewise, urban birds are known to be more habituated to human activities than are rural ones (Samia et al 2017). However, it has been reported that in areas where human presence is linked with activities such as hunting, birds respond with longer FIDs (Sreekar et al 2015). We predicted that FID of birds would be higher in the reserve compared with the surrounding farmed areas, characterised by higher human presence and activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…It has been applied in several conservation contexts such as to measure the degree of an animal's fearfulness of humans (Stankowich & Blumstein 2005), delineate buffer zones around sensitive species, habitats and human activities (Rodgers & Smith 1997;Rodgers & Schwikert 2002;Weston et al 2012;Guay et al 2016). It has also been used to indicate hunting pressure on animals (Tarakini et al 2014;Sreekar et al 2015) and to protect water birds from being disturbed by boats (Burger et al 2010;Glover et al 2011). FID has also been extensively studied across different continents of the world (Møller et al 2014(Møller et al , 2016Livezey et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Managing human disturbance: factors influencing flight-initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve

Braimoh

Iwajomo

Wilson

et al. 2017

Ostrich

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Dear Miss Braimoh: Ref: Managing human disturbance: factors influencing flight initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve Our referees have now considered your paper and have recommended publication in Ostrich. We are pleased to accept your paper, but reserve the right to suggest further changes and implement minor edits upon agreement with yourselves. We will then forward all documents to the publisher for copy editing and typesetting. You will receive proofs for checking, and instructions for transfer of copyright in due course. The publisher also requests that proofs are checked and returned within 48 hours of receipt. Thank you for your contribution to Ostrich and we look forward to receiving further submissions from you.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Managing human disturbance: factors influencing flight-initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve

Braimoh

Iwajomo

Wilson

et al. 2017

Ostrich

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“…This pattern of increase in tolerance over time suggests selection is acting whereby more responsive individuals die or do not breed, or less responsive individuals have some other fitness benefits in urban settings, although it may possibly also involve historical founder effects if bolder birds initially instigated colonization of urban areas (Møller, 2010;Weston et al, 2012;van Dongen et al, 2015b). Human behavior, especially the occurrence of hunting in rural areas, may differ between habitats and influence FID (Magige et al, 2009;Sreekar et al, 2015). Alternatively, site selection by birds may involve more responsive individuals moving away from, or not settling in, urban areas (van Dongen et al, 2015b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Since Urbanization but Not Encephalisation Is Associated with Increased Tolerance of Human Proximity in Birds

et al. 2016

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The examination of links between a high degree of encephalisation (i.e., a large brain mass relative to body size) and the capacity of wildlife to inhabit anthropogenic habitats has formed the basis of several recent studies, although typically they have not uncovered any relationship. It, however, remains unclear whether encephalisation is directly related to a species' capacity to develop tolerance to human proximity (i.e., a reduction in response to approaching humans). It is also unknown whether such a relationship is related to the size of specific areas of the brain. Using published data on flight-initiation distance (FID), the distance at which animals flee from an approaching human, we estimate the degree of tolerance of human proximity for 42 bird species by comparing FIDs in urban and rural areas, with relatively high and low exposure to humans, respectively. We used a phylogenetic, comparative approach to analyse the relationship of degree of tolerance, and of FID in urban and rural populations more directly, to relative sizes of whole brains (42 species) and brain components (25 species) for the species, and examine the effect of the year that the bird species was first recorded in an urban area (year of urbanization). We demonstrate an interaction between bird habitat and year of urbanization on FIDs. Urban populations of species that have a longer history of inhabiting urban areas have lower FIDs (i.e., birds that were urbanized earlier are more tolerant), which may suggest local selection for birds with reduced responsiveness to humans in urban areas. The pattern is not seen in rural populations of the same species, providing additional evidence that it is greater exposure to humans that has resulted in this tolerance. While we found that forebrain mass and optic lobe mass are influential positive predictors of FID there was no indication that degree of tolerance itself was related to any brain size metric and hence no support for the idea that urban populations of species with larger brains are better able to habituate to human presence. This suggests that processes other than encephalisation explain the high degree of tolerance evident in urban-dwelling birds.

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“…We also heard multiple gunshots while deploying and collecting our camera‐traps. Sreekar, Goodale & Harrison (2015c) recorded 19 hunters while walking on Menglun forest trails for 311 h.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining camera‐trap surveys and hunter interviews to determine the status of mammals in protected rainforests and rubber plantations of Menglun, Xishuangbanna, SW China

Huang

Sreekar

Velho

et al. 2020

Animal Conservation

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Hunting and deforestation are the two biggest threats to vertebrates in Southeast Asia. In the last 50 years, monoculture rubber plantations replaced large areas of tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. We set up camera traps at 109 stations (57 in forest reserves and 52 in rubber plantations) to determine the distribution of mammal species in Menglun, Xishuangbanna. We also interviewed 37 experienced hunters (mean age: 54) in the study area to understand their perceptions of species abundance trends. We used hierarchical multispecies occupancy modelling to determine the effect of distance to village, distance to forest edge and elevation on mammal occupancy after accounting for imperfect detection. We used non-parametric tests for the rank data to evaluate perceived species trends. Using a combination of historical literature (1954-1985), hunter interviews, direct observations and camera-trap surveys, we only recorded 56% (15 out of 27) of the medium-to-large sized (>1 kg) mammal species known previously from the study region. Interviews suggested that current population densities of all extant mammal species are below historical levels. Our camera traps captured 11 mammal species in the forest reserve and only two species in rubber plantations. Low capture rates (10 captures) in rubber mean we could only determine mammal occupancy in forests. Environmental variables did not affect community level mammal occupancy in forests, but common muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) and the northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) avoided forest edges. At the time of the survey, hunting was still prevalent in the region. Therefore, conservation interventions that end both hunting and deforestation are urgently needed to stabilize and increase mammal populations in the region. Animal Conservation.

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Flight Initiation Distance as Behavioral Indicator of Hunting Pressure: A Case Study of the Sooty-Headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus Aurigaster) in Xishuangbanna, SW China

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Managing human disturbance: factors influencing flight-initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve

Managing human disturbance: factors influencing flight-initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve

Time Since Urbanization but Not Encephalisation Is Associated with Increased Tolerance of Human Proximity in Birds

Combining camera‐trap surveys and hunter interviews to determine the status of mammals in protected rainforests and rubber plantations of Menglun, Xishuangbanna, SW China

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