Flies as Vectors of Parasites Potentially Inducing Severe Diseases in Humans and Animals

Förster, Maike; Gestmann, Falk; Mehlhorn, Heinz; Sievert, Kai; Messler, Sabine; Neuhausen, Nicole; Petersdorf, Sabine; Pfeffer, Klaus

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28842-5_10

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Our own findings (Förster et al 2012) showed that fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Mucor as well as several members of the Hyphomycetes can be isolated rather often from the surface of the flies caught at all four catching sites (pigpens, dog meadow, horse, and cattle stable). Furthermore, flies from the surroundings of the pigpens and from the dog meadow also contained either Mucor or Aspergillus specimens in their intestine.…”

Section: Skin Mycosis Leading To Dark Scarsmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Fahrenholz’ Hypothesis

2016

Encyclopedia of Parasitology

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Greek: aer = air, bios = life.These animals may survive also in absence of oxygen; e.g., Toxocara worms obtain most of their energy from glycogen degradation. Fahrenholz' HypothesisThe common ancestors of modern parasites were themselves parasites of the common ancestors of their present hosts. Fahrenholz' RuleHypothesis that ▶ Mallophaga and their bird hosts passed through the same co-speciation and co-evolution, and that thus their phylogeny reflects this.

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Section: Skin Mycosis Leading To Dark Scarsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Otherwise people and their animals live under constant risks to become infected. That this risk is truly existing was shown by experimental transmission experiments (Förster et al 2012;Gestmann et al 2012).…”

Section: Pseudomonas Aeruginosamentioning

confidence: 97%

Fahrenholz’ Hypothesis

2016

Encyclopedia of Parasitology

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“…The seeds were called "monk's pepper," since monks were known as experts in plants and also as "connoisseurs" of fine food (Mehlhorn 2011). Recent investigations of Förster et al (2012), Gestmann et al (2012), and Mehlhorn (2012) showed that arthropods (especially flies and fleas) are widely underestimated agents of severe diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to search effective plant-derived repellents directed against flies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Introduction: Plants and Their Use in History

Mehlhorn

2013

Treatment of Human Parasitosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine

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Humans collected knowledge on efficacy of plants against diseases since many thousands of years. This knowledge was at first orally transmitted from generation to generation. In early high cultures this knowledge was also collected in written/designed documents and thus kept alive until the beginning of the age of chemotherapy around 1900. Since then many details had been lost, but some were preserved especially in the Traditional Chinese Medicine and also in other countries and were used still today. It is about 100,000 years that the most recent precursors of the typical Homo sapiens of our days erected their heads in the "paradise" (i.e., in the Garden Eden within the Rift Valley in Central Africa) and that they were apparently forced by climate changes to leave this region of their offspring. As it had been proven by recent molecular genome studies, groups of these refugees apparently spread from there over all continents except for Antarctica during the last cold phases on earth, since at this time the sea level had fallen for about 90-100 m thus setting free "land bridges," which interconnected Europe/Asia with the Americas and South Asia with Australia for several thousands of years, until a new warm period overcame earth. The recent warm period allowed a considerable increase of the human population, since now huge amounts of plants and animals provide sufficient food. This increase of the human population made it necessary to start agriculture in order to prepare these sufficient amounts of food for survival, which was

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Zirconyl Hydrogenphosphate Nanocontainers for Flexible Transport and Release of Lipophilic Cytostatics, Insecticides, and Antibiotics

Rein

Meschkov

Hagens

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Administration of lipophilic drugs is often restricted by poor aqueous solubility (especially in blood), limited membrane permeability, uncontrolled drug leakage, and aggregation of lipophilic drugs. As a new nanocarrier concept, LC@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO 4 ) core@shell nanocontainers (LC: lipophilic cavity; mdp: monododecylphosphate) are presented. As a proof of concept, the nanocontainers are used to encapsulate different types of lipophilic molecules such as the fluorescent dye lumogen red (LR), the cytostatic drug irinotecan (ITC), the insecticide cypermethrin (CM), and the tuberculosis antibiotic benzothiazinone-043 (BTZ). Synthesis strategy and material structure of the nanocontainers are discussed in detail. LR@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO 4 ), as the first example, shows intense red emission and successful incorporation of LR into the nanocontainers. As ex vivo application, CM@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO 4 ) nanocontainers can be used to repel and even kill mosquitoes or flies being in contact with the insecticide-loaded nanocontainers. The drugs ITC and BTZ-after encapsulation in ITC@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO 4 ) and BTZ@ZrO(mdp)@ ZrO(HPO 4 ) nanocontainers-show high activity at low cytotoxicity in in vitro studies against tumor cells (HeLa, SK-Mel-28, HTC116, A549, RAW264.7) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages). Taken together, the different lipophilic molecules (LR, CM, ITC, BTZ) point to the adaptability and performance of the novel zirconyl hydrogenphosphate nanocontainer concept. and limited membrane permeability limit the applicability of lipophilic drugs. [3d,4,5] To enable intravenous, oral, or gastrointestinal administration, appropriate carrier systems were suggested, [3c,6] especially including metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g., SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , MgCO 3 , Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ), [7] polymer nanoparticles (e.g., polyethylene glycol/PEG), [8] biopolymers (e.g., lipids, proteins), [3a,9] graphene, [10] as well as micelles, [6b,11] nanoemulsions, [12] and liposomes. [13] Many nanocontainer systems yet suffer from weaknesses such as uncontrolled drug leakage and aggregation of lipophilic drugs, limited cell uptake, high material complexity, unexpected toxicity and hypersensitivity, damage of cell membranes, inadequate drug loading, and poor stability in blood. [3c,5a,7b,d,8c,14] Especially, SiO 2 -based nanocarriers were described to cause toxic effects. [7b,14,15] All in all, further improvement and exploration of more robust delivery systems for lipophilic drugs are indispensable.As a proof of concept, we here present a novel nanocarrier concept, which is essentially based on lipophilic cavities loaded with drugs and an inorganic zirconyl hydrogenphosphate shell, resulting in LC@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO 4 ) core@shell nanocontainers (LC: lipophilic cavity; mdp: monododecylphosphate). These novel nanocarriers show excellent cell uptake at low toxicity. The feasibility and performance of the LC@ ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO 4 ) core@shell nanocontainers are validated for the transport of different lipophilic agents, which in...

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Flies as Vectors of Parasites Potentially Inducing Severe Diseases in Humans and Animals

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Fahrenholz’ Hypothesis

Fahrenholz’ Hypothesis

Introduction: Plants and Their Use in History

Zirconyl Hydrogenphosphate Nanocontainers for Flexible Transport and Release of Lipophilic Cytostatics, Insecticides, and Antibiotics

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