Flicker Sensitivity in Normal Aging—Monocular Tests of Retinal Function at Photopic and Mesopic Light Levels

Bi, Wei; Gillespie-Gallery, Hanna; Binns, Alison; Barbur, John L.

doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16481

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Although the results show that the rate of increase in cone thresholds with increasing age was comparable between central and parafoveal locations (p = 0.10), it is important to explore the possible reasons for the rate of changes in cone FMT (Fig 4A and 4C). This finding of steeper slopes for central cone thresholds is in agreement with the results of a recent study, carried out under similar test stimulus conditions, where foveal photopic thresholds had steeper slopes for those over > 40 years of age, compared to parafoveal locations (4˚) [30]. Other studies failed to find a significant increase in thresholds in cone-mediated central vision (0˚) with increasing age [34,70].…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Flicker modulation thresholds (FMTs) were measured using the Flicker-plus module of the commercially available Advanced Vision and Optometric Tests (AVOT) developed at City, University of London [30]. The AVOT tests run on a desktop computer with two displays, one for the experimenter and the other for generating the visual stimuli for a number of advanced vision tests.…”

Section: Flicker-plusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preliminary results in CNG-B3 patient with retinal achromatopsia confirm that the cone-enhanced thresholds can still be detected by rods, but with thresholds approaching the maximum that can be generated on the visual display (currently in preparation). Five, randomly interleaved 2-down 1-up adaptive staircases, one for each stimulus location [30], were used to measure the corresponding FMTs. During each test, the five interleaved staircases determine either the subject's rod-or cone-mediated thresholds.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well established that in normal, healthy ageing, photopic flicker modulation thresholds increase with increasing age [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], although this increase only starts to become significant beyond 40 to 45 years of age [29,30]. An earlier study reported little or no change in absolute scotopic thresholds with age [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-related change in flicker thresholds with rod- and cone-enhanced stimuli

Hathibelagal¹,

Yadav²,

Subramanian³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Rod and cone photoreceptor-specific tests can be time-consuming. A new non-invasive test is described. The test is based on the measurement of flicker modulation thresholds with rod-and cone-enhanced visual stimuli, which requires only minimum adaptation time. Here, we investigated how the rod-and cone-mediated flicker thresholds vary with age. Methods Monocular thresholds with rod and cone-enhanced stimuli were measured in 140 healthy adults, (age range: 18-75 years), foveally (0˚) and at four parafoveal locations, at an eccentricity of 5˚in each of the four quadrants using five, adaptive, interleaved staircases. Temporal frequencies, stimulus sizes, background luminance and spectral composition, were adjusted appropriately to achieve approximately 1 log unit separation in sensitivity between the rod-and cone-enhanced stimuli. Spectrally calibrated, 'neutral density' filters were used to enable adequate control of display luminance for rod enhanced stimuli. Results The magnitude of central and parafoveal rod thresholds was significantly higher than the central and parafoveal cone thresholds, respectively (p < 0.001) in both the age groups. However, the rate of increase in central rod thresholds (y = 0.45x-12.79; linear regression equation) was not significantly steeper than the rate of increase in central (y = 0.29x-8.53) cone thresholds (p = 0.15). Centrally, cone thresholds showed a better correlation with rod central thresholds for the age > 45 years (Spearman correlation, ρ = 0.74, p < 0.001) compared to age � 45 years (ρ = 0.41, p < 0.001). Conclusions Thresholds with rod-and cone-enhanced stimuli are largely invariant below 45 years of age and increase rapidly above this age. This age-wise normative database can be used as an effective functional-marker to assess photoreceptor sensitivities in retinal diseases.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Flicker-plusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-related change in flicker thresholds with rod- and cone-enhanced stimuli

Hathibelagal¹,

Yadav²,

Subramanian³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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“…Loss of flicker sensitivity with a decrease in luminance towards the mesopic level has been reported previously at a single frequency of 15 Hz in healthy subjects. 28 We did not find any study regarding loss of TMS with decreasing luminance in glaucoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Retinal Contrast Gain Control and Temporal Modulation Sensitivity Across the Visual Field in Glaucoma at Photopic and Mesopic Light Conditions

João

Scanferla

Jansonius

2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: João CAR, Scanferla L, Jansonius NM. Retinal contrast gain control and temporal modulation sensitivity across the visual field in glaucoma at photopic and mesopic light conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:4270-4276. https://doi.org/ 10.1167/iovs.19-27123 PURPOSE. Glaucoma affects many aspects of visual performance, including adaptation, and this may depend on ambient luminance. We determine the influence of glaucoma and luminance on temporal aspects of adaptation, specifically on contrast gain control and temporal modulation sensitivity (TMS).METHODS. This case-control study included 12 glaucoma patients and 25 age-similar controls (50-70 years). Threshold perimetry was performed with a minimized testing grid (fovea and four peripheral locations). Stimuli (Goldmann size III 50 ms increment/decrement) were presented on a time-varying background with sinusoidally-modulated luminance (amplitude 60%; frequency 0-30 Hz; mean background luminance, 1 and 100 cd/m 2 ). TMS (2.5-30 Hz) was measured in the same locations with a sinusoidally-modulated stimulus (Goldmann size IV, 334 ms) on a steady background (1 and 100 cd/m 2 ). RESULTS.In healthy subjects, contrast sensitivity decreased with increasing background modulation frequency and increased again at very high frequencies, indicating contrast gain control. Minimum sensitivity was located between 2.5 and 20 Hz, depending on luminance and eccentricity. In glaucoma patients, the same frequency dependency was found (P ¼ 0.12) but with an overall reduced sensitivity (P ¼ 1 3 10 À5 ), independent of luminance (P ¼ 0.20). Decrements differentiated better between glaucoma and healthy subjects than increments (P ¼ 0.004). TMS was reduced in glaucoma (P ¼ 5 3 10 À6 ) across all frequencies and luminance levels, with complete loss for high frequencies at 1 cd/m 2 .CONCLUSIONS. Contrast gain control is largely unaffected in glaucoma, suggesting intact amacrine cell function. Perimetry with decrements or a high-frequency stimulus on a lowluminance background seems best to differentiate between glaucoma and healthy subjects.

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Color vision assessment‐1: Visual signals that affect the results of the Farnsworth D‐15 test

Evans

Rodriguez‐Carmona

Barbur

2020

Color Research & Application

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The Farnsworth D-15 test (D-15) is commonly used to screen for moderate to severe congenital color vision deficiency. The aim of this study was to establish reliable D-15 statistics for normal, deutan and protan subjects, and to investigate the different visual signals one can use to carry out the test, even in dichromats and rod monochromats. Six hundred and seventy-four subjects were examined using the D-15, the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis test and the Nagel anomaloscope. A rod monochromat and five dichromats were tested using the standard D-15 protocol before the caps were separated into two groups and subjects were asked to repeat the task. D-15 spectral radiance data, measured under D65 illumination, were used to estimate differences in photoreceptor excitations for each of the caps. When no crossings and up to two adjacent transpositions on the D-15 results diagram are accepted as a pass, 100% of normal trichromats, 54% of deutans and 43% of protans pass the D-15. A rod monochromat and two protanopes and deuteranopes were able to complete the D-15 when the caps were separated into two groups, despite severe loss or even complete absence of color vision. When up to two adjacent transpositions are accepted 50% of color deficient subjects, some with severe red/green loss, pass the D-15. While the D-15 is normally used to screen for moderate to severe color deficiency, subjects with severe loss can still use combined, residual red/green, yellow/blue and luminance signals to pass.

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Flicker Sensitivity in Normal Aging—Monocular Tests of Retinal Function at Photopic and Mesopic Light Levels

Cited by 16 publications

References 44 publications

Age-related change in flicker thresholds with rod- and cone-enhanced stimuli

Age-related change in flicker thresholds with rod- and cone-enhanced stimuli

Retinal Contrast Gain Control and Temporal Modulation Sensitivity Across the Visual Field in Glaucoma at Photopic and Mesopic Light Conditions

Color vision assessment‐1: Visual signals that affect the results of the Farnsworth D‐15 test

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