Flexural Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Nonwoven Made of Flax Fibres and Recycled Carbon Fibres

Bachmann, Jens; Wiedemann, Martin; Wierach, Peter

doi:10.3390/aerospace5040107

Cited by 30 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…The recycled-carbon fibers came already chopped and were on average 6.3 mm in length and 7 µm in diameter. A published fiber density of 1.40 g/cm 3 was used [11].…”

Section: Fibers Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several researchers examined the hybrid effect for flax and rCF with thermoset resin [10]. There is lack of research for the impact of hybrid effect on thermoplastic composites which use rCF blended with natural fibers [10,11]. In this study, hemp fibers were hybridized with recycled carbon fiber keeping the polypropylene matrix constant.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The recycled-carbon fibers came already chopped and were on average 6.3 mm in length and 7 µm in diameter. A published fiber density of 1.40 g/cm 3 was used [11].Hemp fibers used in this study were provided by Sunstrand LLC. Fibers came already chopped and were on average 6.35 mm in length and 20 µm in diameter.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hybridization of Hemp Fiber and Recycled-Carbon Fiber in Polypropylene Composites

2019

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In recent years there has been a substantial growth in the use of natural fiber reinforced composite in more advanced applications. However, high strength applications require high mechanical properties. Hybridization of natural fibers with synthetic fibers is an effective method of increasing the field of application and mechanical properties. The effects of hybridizing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fiber with recycled-carbon fiber were investigated in this study to determine the trends in mechanical properties resulting from varied weight fractions. Characterization of void content was accomplished using micro computed tomography (micro-CT). Through hybridizing hemp fiber and recycled carbon fiber in a polypropylene thermoplastic, a new class of high performance, low cost composites were demonstrated for injection molding applications. This study showcased a 10-15% increase in tensile strength after the reinforcement of recycled-carbon fiber with hemp fiber. A 30-35% increase was observed in the flexure strength after the reinforcement of recycled-carbon fiber with hemp fiber. Impact strength also had an increase of 35-40% for hemp fiber reinforced recycled-carbon fiber polypropylene composites.Sustainability 2019, 11, 3163 2 of 12 found that composites prepared by extrusion followed by injection molding exhibited high flexural strength and stiffness [6].Carbon fiber has already gained significant acceptance in automotive and aerospace industries. Carbon fiber is an expensive material and out of reach for many industries. Therefore, recycling carbon fibers and mixing them with thermoplastic offers an affordable alternative [7]. Reducing waste and reusing materials with high-embedded energy and recycled in an energy-efficient manner is environmentally and sociably desirable. Recycled-carbon fiber retains many of its inherent advanced properties, even though it has been reclaimed from waste. In addition, the price of recycled carbon fiber is at least half than that of virgin carbon fiber [8].Several researchers examined the flexure behavior of short recycled carbon fibers (rCF) which were mixed with flax fiber in the PLA matrix. Experimental data showed that the flexural properties increased with higher rCF content, with the maximum being a flexural modulus of approximately 14 GPa and flexural strength of 203 MPa [9].There are many different possible fiber combinations for high stiffness applications. Several researchers examined the hybrid effect for flax and rCF with thermoset resin [10]. There is lack of research for the impact of hybrid effect on thermoplastic composites which use rCF blended with natural fibers [10,11]. In this study, hemp fibers were hybridized with recycled carbon fiber keeping the polypropylene matrix constant. Polypropylene was used since it can save on material cost as well as can be used as regrind without compromising the performance of the resin [12]. The total environmental impact of polypropylene is less than traditional materials in life cycle analysis [12].As an initial investigation...

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“…The recycled-carbon fibers came already chopped and were on average 6.3 mm in length and 7 µm in diameter. A published fiber density of 1.40 g/cm 3 was used [11].…”

Section: Fibers Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybridization of Hemp Fiber and Recycled-Carbon Fiber in Polypropylene Composites

2019

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“…Nevertheless, due to the lack of sufficient mechanical properties for structural applications, natural fibre-reinforced biocomposites are not fully utilised in semi-structural and structural applications [18,19].In recent years, widespread research has been focused on utilising a hybrid approach which consists of combining two or more reinforcements, in which the synergic effects of both reinforcements are utilised. In order to compensate for the shortcomings of the natural fibre-reinforced composites, glass and carbon fibres, as well as nano particulates, have been used as hybrid constituents [20][21][22][23]. There are many reported works where basalt fibres have been introduced as hybrid reinforcements on natural fibre composites owing to their high thermal stability, good mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, and natural origin (coming from volcano rock).…”

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Falling Weight Impact Damage Characterisation of Flax and Flax Basalt Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites

et al. 2020

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Understanding the damage mechanisms of composite materials requires detailed mapping of the failure behaviour using reliable techniques. This research focuses on an evaluation of the low-velocity falling weight impact damage behaviour of flax-basalt/vinyl ester (VE) hybrid composites. Incident impact energies under three different energy levels (50, 60, and 70 Joules) were employed to cause complete perforation in order to characterise different impact damage parameters, such as energy absorption characteristics, and damage modes and mechanisms. In addition, the water absorption behaviour of flax and flax basalt hybrid composites and its effects on the impact damage performance were also investigated. All the samples subjected to different incident energies were characterised using non-destructive techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed micro-tomography (πCT), to assess the damage mechanisms of studied flax/VE and flax/basalt/VE hybrid composites. The experimental results showed that the basalt hybrid system had a high impact energy and peak load compared to the flax/VE composite without hybridisation, indicating that a hybrid approach is a promising strategy for enhancing the toughness properties of natural fibre composites. The πCT and SEM images revealed that the failure modes observed for flax and flax basalt hybrid composites were a combination of matrix cracking, delamination, fibre breakage, and fibre pull out.Polymers 2020, 12, 806 2 of 18 Among the natural fibres used in polymeric composites, bast fibres (flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf) stand out as the most promising reinforcements [9,10]. Due to their unique hollow structure, these fibres provide a good damping property, which is very important when it comes to dealing with impact damage and vibration damping behaviours. The good damping properties of bast fibre-reinforced composites make them an attractive alternative to be used in automotive components where impact and damping properties are very important [11,12]. However, their high natural variability, strong affinity to water until saturation, limited processing temperature range, relatively low impact resistance, and low thermal stability negatively influence their long-term durability [13,14]. Moreover, their low impact resistance behaviour under different operation conditions is another concern when these materials are used in automotive and marine sectors.Mitrevski et al.[15] studied the influence of impactor shape on the impact damage of composite laminates. The results demonstrated that the impactor shape plays a large role in the damage response of composite materials. Composite laminates undergo various impact-induced damage modes under impact loadings. A review carried out by Cantwell and Morton [16] has reported the various impact-induced failure modes of composite laminates. Wisheart and Richardson [17] investigated the impact damage response of complex geometry pultruded glass/polyester composites.During the past two decades, there have been many reporte...

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“…The downcycled rCF usually retain their excellent mechanical properties but are discontinuous and cannot simply replace long virgin carbon fibres (vCF). Therefore, wet-laid [12] and carded [17] hybrid nonwoven of flax and rCF were produced. Positive effects on the flexural properties can be observed by adding even small amounts of rCF.…”

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confidence: 99%

How green composite materials could benefit aircraft construction

Soutis

Bachmann

2019

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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Flexural Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Nonwoven Made of Flax Fibres and Recycled Carbon Fibres

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Hybridization of Hemp Fiber and Recycled-Carbon Fiber in Polypropylene Composites

Hybridization of Hemp Fiber and Recycled-Carbon Fiber in Polypropylene Composites

Falling Weight Impact Damage Characterisation of Flax and Flax Basalt Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites

How green composite materials could benefit aircraft construction

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