Flexural Behavior of Ski Boots Under Realistic Loads – The Concept of an Improved Test Method

Knye, Michael; Grill, Timo; Senner, Veit

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.305

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In addition, boot-fittings have improved considerably, with individual liners and insoles, allowing better transfer of the skier’s action to the skis. The viscoelastic properties of ski boots, with moment-angle hysteresis, still cause energy dissipation (Eberle et al, 2016; Knye et al, 2016). It is more important that flexural stiffness be lower for downhill than technical disciplines, enabling better gliding and lower tuck.…”

Section: Ski Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Kinematic and Kinetic Advances in Olympic Alpine Skiing: Pyeongchang and Beyond

Supej

Holmberg

2019

Front. Physiol.

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Alpine skiing has been an Olympic event since the first Winter Games in 1936. Nowadays, skiers compete in four main events: slalom, giant slalom, super-G and downhill. Here, we present an update on the biomechanics of alpine ski racers and their equipment. The technical and tactical ability of today’s world-class skiers have adapted substantially to changes in equipment, snow conditions and courses. The wide variety of terrain, slopes, gate setups and snow conditions involved in alpine skiing requires skiers to continuously adapt, alternating between the carving and skidding turning techniques. The technical complexity places a premium on minimizing energy dissipation, employing strategies and ski equipment that minimize ski-snow friction and aerodynamic drag. Access to multiple split times along the racing course, in combination with analysis of the trajectory and speed provide information that can be utilized to enhance performance. Peak ground reaction forces, which can be as high as five times body weight, serve as a measure of the external load on the skier and equipment. Although the biomechanics of alpine skiing have significantly improved, several questions concerning optimization of skiers’ performance remain to be investigated. Recent advances in sensor technology that allow kinematics and kinetics to be monitored can provide detailed information about the biomechanical factors related to success in competitions. Moreover, collection of data during training and actual competitions will enhance the quality of guidelines for training future Olympic champions. At the same time, the need to individualize training and skiing equipment for each unique skier will motivate innovative scientific research for years to come.

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Section: Ski Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Kinematic and Kinetic Advances in Olympic Alpine Skiing: Pyeongchang and Beyond

Supej

Holmberg

2019

Front. Physiol.

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“…The forward flexed position of the knee during skiing, in combination with ankle dorsiflexion in the relatively rigid ski-binding-boot interface, is likely to put excessive stress on the femoral origin of the gastrocnemius muscle. 7 , 9 , 10 During a carving turn, the hip is adducted and internally rotated, and the flexed knee of the outside ski undergoes a dynamic valgus moment, causing knee abduction and internal rotation. These forces further stress the MHG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2024;52 (7):1820-1825 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241239868 Ó 2024 The Author(s) cohorts. 4,8,[11][12][13] No established therapeutic guidelines have been published to date.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor-Like Distal Femoral Cortical Irregularities of the Knee in Adolescent Competitive Alpine Skiers: Longitudinal Assessment Over 48 Months

Feuerriegel,

Marth,

Fröhlich

et al. 2024

Am J Sports Med

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Background: Tumor-like distal femoral cortical irregularities (DFCIs) are a frequent incidental finding on knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and are common in young competitive athletes. Purpose: To assess and compare the morphology and prevalence of DFCIs in competitive alpine skiers over 48 months during adolescence. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Adolescent competitive alpine skiers were prospectively recruited in 2018 and received bilateral 3-T MRI of the knee at baseline and after 48 months. All MRIs were evaluated for the presence and location of DFCIs, which were marked at 1 of 3 anatomic positions: (1) the femoral attachment of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, (2) the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, or (3) the attachment of the adductor magnus aponeurosis. The size of the DFCI was measured by 2 radiologists independently. The measurements were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Cohen Kappa. Results: A total of 63 athletes (mean age at follow-up, 19.6 ± 1.2 years; n = 25 female) were included in the study. At baseline, DFCIs were detected in 84 out of 126 knees (67%). At the 48-month follow-up, DFCIs were found in 88 out of 126 knees (70%), with multiple DFCIs in 3 knees and no significant difference between male and female patients (n = 24 male, n = 19 female; P = .71). No significant increase was detected for the number ( P = .21) and size of the DFCIs between the baseline and the 48-month follow-up (mean size: baseline, 3.7 ± 0.8 mm; 48-month follow-up: 3.6 ± 0.9 mm; P = .66). The interrater agreement for the mean size measurements of DFCIs was good to excellent (ICC 0.88). Conclusion: DFCIs remain a frequent finding on knee MRI in competitive alpine skiers after skeletal maturation and do not disappear during adolescence. The DFCI size was constant in athletes aged between 15 and 19 years. Moreover, DFCIs should not be mistaken for a pathologic finding.

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“…Another example is lifter plates placed under the binding and connected to the boots which allows more angling in the skis [65]. Boot-fitting uses the elasticity of boots to better fit the boot's shape with skier's feet, allowing better transfer of skier's action to the skis [64,67]. Boots have also developed thinner, more anatomical shells.…”

Section: Professional Alpine Skiingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational Alpine Skiing An Introduction

Zhou

2023

TNS

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Alpine skiing is the most common type of skiing performed on groomed and marked ski slopes. This review aims to help recreational skier improve their skiing ability by identifying conducive conditions for alpine skiing. Physically, strengthening balance, agility, and static leg strength via conditional training (ie. inline skating, roller blading, biking, running, sports stimulator) better prepares skiers for alpine skiing and reduces the chances of injury. Injury in knee and lower leg is the most common alpine skiing injury and the most severe are head injuries, highlighting the importance of wearing helmet, well-adjusted skis and suitable lane choice. Mentally, for beginners, increasing self-efficacy and decreasing fear and worry improves skiing performance. Whereas, for intermediate skiers, increasing worry or caution of the environment, increases performance. Technically, recreational skiers should attempt to perform symmetrical turns with greater range and speed of body movement. Lastly, the review presents recent technical and equipment advances in professional alpine skiing, reinforcing that the learning journey of alpine skiing is never ending. Hence, recreational skiers have a long and bright way to go, and researchers should try to expand their sample beyond adolescents and individuals in their early twenties, especially when investigating topics besides skiing injuries, to better generalize their impactful findings.

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Flexural Behavior of Ski Boots Under Realistic Loads – The Concept of an Improved Test Method

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Recent Kinematic and Kinetic Advances in Olympic Alpine Skiing: Pyeongchang and Beyond

Recent Kinematic and Kinetic Advances in Olympic Alpine Skiing: Pyeongchang and Beyond

Tumor-Like Distal Femoral Cortical Irregularities of the Knee in Adolescent Competitive Alpine Skiers: Longitudinal Assessment Over 48 Months

Recreational Alpine Skiing An Introduction

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