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The iron complex hexacyanoferrate (Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 ), known as Prussian Blue (PB), was electrodeposited over a free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) film assembled at the interface between two immiscible liquids, water and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Polarization of the interface achieved through a fixed potential or under potential variation enabled iron present inside CNTs to generate a stable CNT/PB composite. We report herein on the observation that the deposition of PB is dependent on both the pH and applied potential. It was found that aqueous phases containing K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] can decompose under an applied potential, while those containing K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] presented more stable behavior making it a suitable precursor for PB synthesis. The electrodeposition and modification of the interface was followed by in situ spectroelectrochemical Raman spectroscopy, which indicated that an increase in signal due to PB formation was acompanied by changes in the CNT bands due to modification of the CNT walls by decoration with PB, forming a composite structure. Keywords: liquid-liquid interface, Prussian Blue, carbon nanotubes, immiscible liquids IntroductionBiphasic liquid/liquid (L/L) systems have been used for a long time, either for the study of interfacial electron and ion transfer reactions or for the synthesis and assembly of micro and nano-sized materials.1,2 The interface between two immiscible liquids provides a defect-free environment suitable for controlled homogeneous particle deposition. Driven by the decrease in the L/L interfacial free energy, particles dispersed or synthesized in a biphasic system spontaneously migrate to the interface formed by the two liquids. [3][4][5] Due to the ease of formation and robust nature of L/L interfaces, they have been utilized in a wide range of different applications. The L/L system can be used simply as a means to assemble previously synthesized materials into organized arrays or thin films, such as carbon nanostructures or metal nanoparticles. 6,7 Alternatively, materials can be both synthesized and assembled by using the L/L interface as the region of contact between reactants located in the different phases. [8][9][10] As an alternative to spontaneous reactions occurring at the point of contact between the two phases, material deposition can also occur by electrochemical polarization of the interface. 11,12 In addition to standard synthetic parameters such as concentration, time or pH, the applied potential and polarization of the interface between the two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) governs the rate of ion and electron transfer between the phases, allowing significant control over synthetic procedures. 1,2,13,14 By combining these different approaches to utilize the L/L interface, composite structures can be prepared using one material as the support and/or nucleation site for the other. 15,16 Previously, it has been observed that particle or polymer formation was possible, under stirring, on the surface of carbon nanostructures present in a L/L sy...
The iron complex hexacyanoferrate (Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 ), known as Prussian Blue (PB), was electrodeposited over a free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) film assembled at the interface between two immiscible liquids, water and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Polarization of the interface achieved through a fixed potential or under potential variation enabled iron present inside CNTs to generate a stable CNT/PB composite. We report herein on the observation that the deposition of PB is dependent on both the pH and applied potential. It was found that aqueous phases containing K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] can decompose under an applied potential, while those containing K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] presented more stable behavior making it a suitable precursor for PB synthesis. The electrodeposition and modification of the interface was followed by in situ spectroelectrochemical Raman spectroscopy, which indicated that an increase in signal due to PB formation was acompanied by changes in the CNT bands due to modification of the CNT walls by decoration with PB, forming a composite structure. Keywords: liquid-liquid interface, Prussian Blue, carbon nanotubes, immiscible liquids IntroductionBiphasic liquid/liquid (L/L) systems have been used for a long time, either for the study of interfacial electron and ion transfer reactions or for the synthesis and assembly of micro and nano-sized materials.1,2 The interface between two immiscible liquids provides a defect-free environment suitable for controlled homogeneous particle deposition. Driven by the decrease in the L/L interfacial free energy, particles dispersed or synthesized in a biphasic system spontaneously migrate to the interface formed by the two liquids. [3][4][5] Due to the ease of formation and robust nature of L/L interfaces, they have been utilized in a wide range of different applications. The L/L system can be used simply as a means to assemble previously synthesized materials into organized arrays or thin films, such as carbon nanostructures or metal nanoparticles. 6,7 Alternatively, materials can be both synthesized and assembled by using the L/L interface as the region of contact between reactants located in the different phases. [8][9][10] As an alternative to spontaneous reactions occurring at the point of contact between the two phases, material deposition can also occur by electrochemical polarization of the interface. 11,12 In addition to standard synthetic parameters such as concentration, time or pH, the applied potential and polarization of the interface between the two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) governs the rate of ion and electron transfer between the phases, allowing significant control over synthetic procedures. 1,2,13,14 By combining these different approaches to utilize the L/L interface, composite structures can be prepared using one material as the support and/or nucleation site for the other. 15,16 Previously, it has been observed that particle or polymer formation was possible, under stirring, on the surface of carbon nanostructures present in a L/L sy...
The main objective of this paper is to study wear interface evolution for analyzing the of friction and wear property of TiAl-10 wt%Ag composite. The results show that the friction coefficient and wear rate of TiAl-10 wt%Ag rapidly reduce at 0-25 min and rhythmically fluctuate at 25-60 min. TiAl-10 wt%Ag at 60-240 min obtains low friction and less wear. It is concluded that silver with the low shearing strength of about 125 MPa shows the eminent plastic deformation on wear interface. It effectively reduces friction resistance and material loss, cause TiAl-10 wt%Ag to obtain low friction coefficient, and less wear rate at 0-25 min. Increased silver content, reduces oxide content, and varies wear mechanisms cause the repeating variation of friction resistance and material loss, which results in the rhythmical fluctuation of friction coefficient and wear rate at 25-60 min. High silver contents exist on smooth wear interfaces, exhibit the eminent plastic deformation to lower friction and reduce wear. TiAl-10 wt%Ag obtains the low friction and less wear at 60-240 min.
The progressive size reduction of electronic components is experiencing bottlenecks in shrinking charge storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors, limiting their development into wearable and flexible zero-pollution technologies. The inherent long cycle life, rapid charge-discharge patterns, and power density of supercapacitors rank them superior over other energy storage devices. In the modern market of zero-pollution energy devices, currently the lightweight formula and shape adaptability are trending to meet the current requirement of wearables. Carbon nanomaterials have the potential to meet this demand, as they are the core of active electrode materials for supercapacitors and texturally tailored to demonstrate flexible and stretchable properties. With this perspective, the latest progress in novel materials from conventional carbons to recently developed and emerging nanomaterials toward lightweight stretchable active compounds for flexi-wearable supercapacitors is presented. In addition, the limitations and challenges in realizing wearable energy storage systems and integrating the future of nanomaterials for efficient wearable technology are provided. Moreover, future perspectives on economically viable materials for wearables are also discussed, which could motivate researchers to pursue fabrication of cheap and efficient flexible nanomaterials for energy storage and pave the way for enabling a widerange of material-based applications.
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