Flexible supercapacitors of biomass-based activated carbon-polypyrrole on eggshell membranes

Facile Synthesis of Sustainable Biomass-Derived Porous Biochars as Promising Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

“…Therefore, it is important to study new ways of replacing these high-cost and complex materials for cheaper and sustainable ones [ 2 , 3 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Extensive research is being conducted to develop innovative concepts using biomass materials as precursors to develop biochar-based materials employed as electrodes for SC [ 2 , 3 , 14 ].…”

“…Therefore, it is important to study new ways of replacing these high-cost and complex materials for cheaper and sustainable ones [ 2 , 3 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Extensive research is being conducted to develop innovative concepts using biomass materials as precursors to develop biochar-based materials employed as electrodes for SC [ 2 , 3 , 14 ]. Biochars can be made from any biomass and have an adaptable structure that, through different pre-treatments, can be modified to reach a high SSA, even higher than 3300 m 2 g −1 [ 12 ], well-developed porosity with varying pore sizes, and more oxygen and nitrogen surface functional groups on its surfaces, making them very suitable to be used as electrodes for SCs [ 3 , 15 , 16 ].…”

“…The biochar can be tailored to obtain properties that provide high-performance SCs electrodes by optimizing the production method. For instance, the two most common chemical activations, by zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), yield biochars with distinctly different properties [ 2 , 3 , 14 ]; the literature shows that ZnCl 2 , usually, produces biochars with more developed mesoporosity while biochars activated with KOH are mostly microporous structures [ 17 ]. This difference is fairly important in choosing the method and activation agent for the biochars preparation with tailored properties.…”

“…Basic research is required to optimize the production of electrodes adapted to the size of the electrolyte ions, thereby providing high conductivity and good physio-chemical stability that improve the electrochemical performance of biochar-based SCs (e.g., lifetime, capacity, and safety) [ 2 , 3 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Carbon dots conjugated nanocomposite for the enhanced electrochemical performance of supercapacitor electrodes

“…In contrast, the PC mechanism employs a fast oxidation-reduction reaction. [12][13][14] Activated carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon dots (CDs), and graphene, are commonly used in the construction of EDLC electrodes due to their high porosity, low cost, chemical and physical stability, and ease of production from renewable sources. [15][16][17] However, the specic capacitance of activated carbon electrodes is still lower than that of many other materials, such as conductive polymers and inorganic oxides, which are generally used in PC electrodes.…”