“…To counteract this, direct sensor placement has been explored at critical points such as the instrument's abdominal axis, wrist joints, and the tip's direct contact areas with tissue, enhancing force measurement precision as proximity to tissue increases 2,6,23,25 . This shift underlines the growing focus on embedding tactile sensors directly onto minimally invasive surgical (MIS) instruments' tips and joints for more accurate force detection 23,25 , utilizing electrical piezoresistive [2][3][4]6,17,[26][27][28] , piezoelectric 29,30 , capacitive 23,25,[31][32][33][34] and optical methods [35][36][37][38][39][40] . Kim et al 23,25 and Lee et al 31 developed capacitive-based force sensor, integrating them into surgical instruments with diameters ranging from 8 mm to 10 mm.…”