Flexible solid-state supercapacitors: design, fabrication and applications

Lu, Xihong; Yu, Minghao; Wang, Gongming; Tong, Yexiang; Li, Yat

doi:10.1039/c4ee00960f

Cited by 1,188 publications

(661 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Such devices require the development of flexible high efficiency energy storage devices [1][2][3]. Supercapacitors, due to the high power density attainable and excellent cycling stability, are an important class of energy storage devices [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Free-standing Graphene-Polypyrrole Hybrid Paper via Electropolymerization with an Enhanced Areal Capacitance

Shu

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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Here we developed a free-standing reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-polypyrrole (PPy) hybrid paper via electropolymerization on a paper-like graphene gel. This flexible hybrid paper displayed a uniform layered structure with PPy coated onto the graphene layers. A high areal mass of 2.7 mg cm−2 could be obtained. It delivered a greatly enhanced areal capacitance of 440 mF cm−2 at 0.5 A g−1, in contrast to that 151∼198.5 mF cm−2 previously reported for graphene paper or polypyrrole-graphene paper. It can retain ∼81% of the initial capacitance at a high current density of 6 A g−1. The combined high flexibility with outstanding electrochemical performance, makes such novel hybrid paper a promising electrode for flexible supercapacitors. Disciplines Engineering | Physical Sciences and Mathematics Publication DetailsShu, K., Wang, C., Zhao, C., Ge, Y. & Wallace, G. G. (2016). A free-standing graphene-polypyrrole hybrid paper via electropolymerization with an enhanced areal capacitance. Electrochimica Acta, 212 561-571. AbstractHere we developed a free-standing reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-polypyrrole (PPy) hybrid paper via electropolymerization on a paper-like graphene gel. This flexible hybrid paper displayed a uniform layered structure with PPy coated onto the graphene layers. A high areal mass of 2.7 mg cm -2 could be obtained. It delivered a greatly enhanced areal capacitance of 440 mF cm -2 at 0.5 A g -1 , in contrast to that 151~198.5 mF cm -2 previously reported for graphene paper or polypyrrole-graphene paper. It can retain ~81% of the initial capacitance at a high current density of 6 A g -1 . The combined high flexibility with outstanding electrochemical performance, makes such novel hybrid paper a promising electrode for flexible supercapacitors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Free-standing Graphene-Polypyrrole Hybrid Paper via Electropolymerization with an Enhanced Areal Capacitance

Shu

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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“…Flexible solid-state supercapacitors represent a new type of supercapacitor that can work under consecutive bending, stretching and even twisting states [3][4][5]. However, it remains a large challenge to obtain a flexible solid-state supercapacitor with high electrochemical performance and superior flexibility.…”

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confidence: 99%

Conducting polymer hydrogel materials for high-performance flexible solid-state supercapacitors

et al. 2016

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Different from solid electrodes, conducting polymer hydrogel electrodes swollen with water and ions, can reach contact with the electrolyte solution at the molecular level, which will result in more efficient electrochemical process of supercapacitors. Besides, the inherent soft nature of hydrogel material offers the electrode superior flexibility, which benefits to gain high flexibility for devices. Here, this perspective briefly introduces the current research progress in the field of conducting polymer hydrogel electrodes-based flexible solid-state supercapacitor and gives an outlook on the future trend of research.Keywords: Conducting polymer hydrogels, flexible supercapacitor, soft electrode, polyaniline, integrated device Nowadays, flexible energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors) have received widely attentions as the rapid progress of flexible and wearable electronics [1,2]. Flexible solid-state supercapacitors represent a new type of supercapacitor that can work under consecutive bending, stretching and even twisting states [3][4][5]. However, it remains a large challenge to obtain a flexible solid-state supercapacitor with high electrochemical performance and superior flexibility. The performance of a flexible supercapacitor mainly depends on the properties of electrode materials and the device configuration [6]. The electrode materials of supercapacitor include various nanocarbons, conducting polymers and transition metal oxides [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Conducting polymer electrodes possess several merits, such as high electric conductivity, large capacitance, inherent flexibility and easy to processing [13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, the separations of the molecular chains in conducting polymers are generally small relative to the double layer thickness, which results in low capacitance [19]. Besides, the low ionic mobility in the polymer matrix reduces the maximum power density of such electrodes [20].On the other hand, the current device configuration of the flexible solid-state supercapacitor somewhat hinders the device to gain better performance. Generally, a flexible solid-state supercapacitor consists of a "sandwich" laminated structure, including two flexible solid electrodes and the middle gel polymer electrolyte layer [21]. In terms of this structure, the solid electrode materials hardly make a sufficient contact with the gel polymer electrolyte that possesses large viscosity and poor diffusion, which results in low capacitance and sluggish the electrochemical response.Hydrogel is made up of solid three-dimensional polymeric networks and large amounts of water medium [22]. Generally, the hydrogels are employed as solid-state electrolyte of supercapacitors, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel polymer electrolyte. Recently, conducting polymer hydrogels were used as electrode materials for supercapacitors instead of traditional solid electrodes [19,[23][24][25]. This "aqua material electrode" is conducting polymer matrix swollen with water and ions, which hence produce a...

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“…The former was chosen because it is a cationic polymer and the Ti 3 C 2 T x flakes are negatively charged. The PVA was chosen for several reasons, which include its solubility in water, the large concentration of hydroxyl groups along its backbone, and its extensive utilization in gel electrolytes and composites (23,26,34,35). Both Ti 3 C 2 T x /PDDA and Ti 3 C 2 T x /PVA composite films were fabricated and characterized.…”

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confidence: 99%

Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance

Ling

Ren

Zhao

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,777

1,273

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MXenes, a new family of 2D materials, combine hydrophilic surfaces with metallic conductivity. Delamination of MXene produces single-layer nanosheets with thickness of about a nanometer and lateral size of the order of micrometers. The high aspect ratio of delaminated MXene renders it promising nanofiller in multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Herein, Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene was mixed with either a charged polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) or an electrically neutral polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce Ti 3 C 2 T x / polymer composites. The as-fabricated composites are flexible and have electrical conductivities as high as 2.2 × 10 4 S/m in the case of the Ti 3 C 2 T x /PVA composite film and 2.4 × 10 5 S/m for pure Ti 3 C 2 T x films. The tensile strength of the Ti 3 C 2 T x /PVA composites was significantly enhanced compared with pure Ti 3 C 2 T x or PVA films. The intercalation and confinement of the polymer between the MXene flakes not only increased flexibility but also enhanced cationic intercalation, offering an impressive volumetric capacitance of ∼530 F/cm 3 for MXene/PVA-KOH composite film at 2 mV/s. To our knowledge, this study is a first, but crucial, step in exploring the potential of using MXenes in polymer-based multifunctional nanocomposites for a host of applications, such as structural components, energy storage devices, wearable electronics, electrochemical actuators, and radiofrequency shielding, to name a few.he history of exfoliated, or delaminated, nanosheets (2D materials) dates back to the 1950s (1); however, few of the produced nanosheets are conductive. In recent years, 2D materials have been receiving increased attention, with graphene as the star material owing to its excellent electric, mechanical, and other properties (2-5). In 2011, our group reported on a new family of 2D early transition metal carbides, which combined metallic conductivity and hydrophilic surfaces (6). This novel 2D family was labeled MXenes to denote that they are produced by etching out the A layers from the layered M n+1 AX n phases (6-8) and their similarity to graphene (7).In the M n+1 AX n , or MAX, phases, "M" is an early transition metal, "A" is a group A (mainly groups 13-16) element, "X" is carbon and/or nitrogen, and n = 1, 2, or 3 (9). So far, the MXene family includes Ti 3 C 2 , Ti 2 C, (Ti 0.5, Nb 0.5 ) 2 C, (V 0.5 ,Cr 0.5 ) 3 C 2 , Ti 3 CN, Ta 4 C 3 (10), Nb 2 C, V 2 C (8), and Nb 4 C 3 (11). Because there are over 70 known MAX phases (9), many more MXenes can be expected. It is important to note here that MXene surfaces are terminated by O, OH, and/or F groups from the etching process. Henceforth, these terminated MXenes will be referred to as M n+1 X n T x , where T represents terminating groups (O, OH, and/or F) and x is the number of terminating groups.If they are not delaminated, MXenes are multilayered structures resembling those of exfoliated graphite, which have shown promising performance as electrodes in both lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors, as well as adsorbents for hea...

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Flexible solid-state supercapacitors: design, fabrication and applications

Cited by 1,188 publications

References 176 publications

A Free-standing Graphene-Polypyrrole Hybrid Paper via Electropolymerization with an Enhanced Areal Capacitance

A Free-standing Graphene-Polypyrrole Hybrid Paper via Electropolymerization with an Enhanced Areal Capacitance

Conducting polymer hydrogel materials for high-performance flexible solid-state supercapacitors

Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance

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