Flexible RF-Based Comb Generator

Mishra, Arvind Kumar; Schmogrow, R.; Tomkos, Ioannis; Hillerkuss, D.; Koos, C.; Freude, W.; Leuthold, Juerg

doi:10.1109/lpt.2013.2249509

Cited by 58 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Furthermore, and unlike MLLDs, the frequency spacing between lines can be easily changed using the external CW RF synthesizer in a continuous way and with high frequency resolution, as it is also the case when EOMs are used. At this point, it is worth comparing our results with the most energy-efficient OFCG reported up to date [23]. Although a direct comparison is not completely fair as slightly different repetition frequencies are employed (4.2 GHz vs. 6.25 GHz), they are close enough to generalize our results to that repetition frequency (6.25 GHz) with the use of a matching network circuit adapted to this frequency together with our VCSEL (the 3-dB bandwidth of our VCSEL is around 8 GHz as per manufacturer specifications [24]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

VCSEL-Based Optical Frequency Combs: Toward Efficient Single-Device Comb Generation

Serrano

Dios

Cano

et al. 2013

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Serrano, A.R.C.; de Dios Fernandez, C.; Cano, E.P.; Ortsiefer, M.; Meissner, P.; Acedo, P., "VCSEL-Based Optical Frequency Combs: Toward Efficient Single-Device Comb Generation", IEEe Photonics Technology Letters, (2013Letters, ( ), 25(20), 1981Letters, ( ,1984 such as Mode-Locking Laser Diodes (MLLD) [7] or microresonators [8]. These devices can be divided according to their repetition frequency, being MLLDs in the order of several GHz, and microresonators in the order of few hundreds of GHz. Microresonators are recent and very promising devices able to generate extremely wide OFCGs, but their high repetition frequencies make them unsuitable for a significant number of applications [8]. On the other hand, MLLDs have been widely used during the last decades, but they still present important drawbacks, like the absence of continuous tunability of the repetition frequency and the need of specially designed structures that nowadays are still far from offering reliability and repeatability in the manufacturing processes for commercial purposes.In this sense, some recent works have recovered a wellknown technique for inducing pulsed operation in a semiconductor laser, Gain-Switching (GS), in order to implement multi-GHz OFCGs that are to overcome some of these drawbacks associated with MLLDs [4], [9]. Although they offer much less optical span than MLLDs, GS-based OFCGs offer wide tunability range, high correlation between optical modes, and low-cost; as they can be implemented using commercial semiconductor lasers. Nevertheless, if standard edge-emitting lasers are used, the amount of direct modulation power needed for an OFCG featuring 8-10 lines is about 0.5-1 W, which makes necessary the use of Radiofrequency (RF) power amplifiers [4], [10]. Moreover, the generated optical spectra are not flat, and additional stages based on nonlinear techniques and comprising several external components are usually needed to obtain flat-topped pulses, such as cascaded Intensity or Phase Electro-Optical Modulators (EOMs) [11][12][13] and Four Wave Mixing (FWM) [14].For this reason, different types of semiconductor lasers have been used under GS regime in the search of compact, commercial devices based pulsed sources, and, Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are promising candidates [15][16][17][18][19]. VCSELs need very few current to operate (under 10 mA), and their integration capabilities as well as the capacity for on-chip testing allow for low cost optical subsystems with an excellent energy efficiency. Moreover, they have demonstrated wide wavelength tuning capabilities (in excess of 100 nm) with direct control of the cavity length using membranes [20]. In this sense, VCSELs would lead to ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

VCSEL-Based Optical Frequency Combs: Toward Efficient Single-Device Comb Generation

Serrano

Dios

Cano

et al. 2013

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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“…On the first approach, Mishra et al simulated the effect of using different RF drive signals, in order to find an optimum solution for generating an OFC with less drive power, but with the same spectral flatness and number of lines [99]. In subsequent work [100], the authors demonstrated generation of a 9 line OFC, exhibiting a 1.1 dB of spectral flatness and a 6.25 GHz frequency spacing, using a single DD-MZM (V π = 3.5V), driven by 1 − 1.6V π amplitude RF signals. The main distinction from previous work is that one arm is driven by the fundamental frequency, while the other by the second harmonic, generated by a frequency doubler, as shown in the Fig.…”

Section: A Electro-optic Optical Frequency Comb Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Optical Carrier Generation Techniques for Terabit Capacity Elastic Optical Networks

Imran

Anandarajah

Kaszubowska-Anandarajah

et al. 2018

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

104

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Abstract-Elastic optical networks (EON) have been proposed to meet the network capacity and dynamicity challenges. Hardware and software resource optimization and re-configurability are key enablers for EONs. Recently, innovative multi-carrier transmission techniques have been extensively investigated to realize high capacity (Tb/s) flexible transceivers. In addition to standard telecommunication lasers, optical carrier generators based on optical frequency combs (OFC) have also been considered with expectations of reduced cost and inventory, improved spectral efficiency and flexibility. A wide range of OFC generation techniques have been proposed in the literature over the past few years. It is imperative to summarize the state of the art, compare and assess these diverse techniques from a practical perspective. In this survey, we identify salient features of optical multicarrier generators, review and compare these techniques both from a physical and network layer perspective. OFC demultiplexing/filtering techniques have also been reviewed. In addition to transmission performance, the impact of such sources on the network performance and real-world deployment strategies with reference to cost, power consumption, and level of flexibility have also been discussed. Field trials, integrated solutions, flexibility demonstrations are also reported. Finally, open issues and possible future directions that can lead to real network deployment are highlighted.

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“…However, the achievable spectral efficiency (SE) is limited by the drift of the individual emission wavelengths and the associated guard bands. For modulatorbased comb sources, the number of comb lines is generally limited by the achievable modulation depth [13] unless complex arrangements of cascaded modulators with synchronized driving signals are used [14,19]. Moreover, if large numbers of lines are to be generated, the power of the comb lines is limited by the power handling capacity and by the insertion loss of the modulator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible terabit/s Nyquist-WDM super-channels using a gain-switched comb source

Pfeifle¹,

Vujicic²,

Watts³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

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Terabit/s super-channels are likely to become the standard for next-generation optical networks and optical interconnects. A particularly promising approach exploits optical frequency combs for super-channel generation. We show that injection locking of a gain-switched laser diode can be used to generate frequency combs that are particularly well suited for terabit/s super-channel transmission. This approach stands out due to its extraordinary stability and flexibility in tuning both center wavelength and line spacing. We perform a series of transmission experiments using different comb line spacings and modulation formats. Using 9 comb lines and 16QAM signaling, an aggregate line rate (net data rate) of 1.296 Tbit/s (1.109 Tbit/s) is achieved for transmission over 150 km of standard single mode fiber (SSMF) using a spectral bandwidth of 166.5 GHz, which corresponds to a (net) spectral efficiency of 7.8 bit/s/Hz (6.7 bit/s/Hz). The line rate (net data rate) can be boosted to 2.112 Tbit/s (1.867 Tbit/s) for transmission over 300 km of SSMF by using a bandwidth of 300 GHz and QPSK modulation on the weaker carriers. For the reported net data rates and spectral efficiencies, we assume a variable overhead of either 7% or 20% for forward-error correction depending on the individual sub-channel quality after fiber transmission. References and links1. P. Winzer, "Beyond 100G Ethernet," IEEE Commun. Mag. 48(7), 26-30 (2010). 2. C. R. Cole, "100-Gb/s and beyond transceiver technologies," Opt. Fiber Technol. 17(5), 472-479 (2011). 3. S. Gringeri, E. Basch, and T. Xia, "Technical considerations for supporting data rates beyond 100 Gb/s," IEEE Commun. Mag. Becker, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, "Real-time software-defined multiformat transmitter generating 64QAM at 28 GBd," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(21), 1601-1603 (2010

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Flexible RF-Based Comb Generator

Cited by 58 publications

References 19 publications

VCSEL-Based Optical Frequency Combs: Toward Efficient Single-Device Comb Generation

VCSEL-Based Optical Frequency Combs: Toward Efficient Single-Device Comb Generation

A Survey of Optical Carrier Generation Techniques for Terabit Capacity Elastic Optical Networks

Flexible terabit/s Nyquist-WDM super-channels using a gain-switched comb source

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