Flexible polyurethane foam. II. Fire retardation by tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Part B. Examination of the condensed phase (the pyrolysis zone)

Ravey, M.; Weil, Edward D.; Keidar, I.; Pearce, Eli M.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980411)68:2<231::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-r

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This carbon char has low thermal conductivity and high oxidation resistance" [29]. This would be indicative of halogen-phosphorus additives, which are known to promote the growth of a phosphorus-containing carbonaceous layer between the flame and the pyrolysis zone, acting as a barrier for the transfer of heat and fuel [21]. It therefore seems likely that Pyrell includes halogen-phosphorus-containing fire retardants, which are known to act both in the solid phase and the gas phase [20].…”

Section: Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common fire retardants are phosphorus-containing additives and halogenphosphorus-containing additives such as TDCPP, which acts in both the condensed and vapor phases. In the solid phase, a phosphorus-containing carbonaceous layer grows between the flame and the pyrolysis zone, acting as a barrier for the transfer of heat and fuel [21]. In the gas phase, the vaporized TDCPP dilutes the fuel vapors to reduce the fuel oxidation rates, therefore hindering gas-phase ignition and flaming [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The piloted transition to flaming in smoldering fire retarded and non‐fire retarded polyurethane foam

et al. 2008

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The piloted transition from smoldering to flaming, though a significant fire safety concern, has not been previously extensively studied. Experimental results are presented on the piloted transition from smoldering to flaming in non-fire retarded (NFR) polyurethane foam and the fire retarded polyurethane foam Pyrell ® . The samples are small blocks, vertically placed in the wall of an upward wind tunnel. The free surface is exposed to an oxidizer flow and a radiant heat flux. The smolder product gases pass upwards through a pilot. The experiments on NFR foam show that the smolder velocity and peak smolder temperature, which increase with the oxygen concentration and heat flux, are strongly correlated to the transition to flaming event, in that there are minimum values of these parameters for transition to occur. The existence of a minimum smolder velocity for ignition supports the concept of a gaseous mixture reaching a lean flammability limit as the criterion for the transition to flaming. To compensate for the solid-and gas-phase effects of the fire retardants on the piloted transition in Pyrell, it was necessary to increase the oxygen concentration and the power supplied to the smolder igniter and the pilot. The piloted transition is observed in oxygen concentrations above 17% in NFR foam, and above 23% in Pyrell. The results show that although Pyrell is less flammable than NFR foam, it is still susceptible to smoldering and the piloted transition to flaming in oxygen-enriched environments, which is of interest for special applications such as future space missions.

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Section: Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The piloted transition to flaming in smoldering fire retarded and non‐fire retarded polyurethane foam

et al. 2008

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“…This barrier action may at least partly explain the inhibition of glowing combustion of char by phosphorus compounds. Flexible urethane foams do not yield much char on burning, but often form a decomposition product layer that may contribute to extinguishment (25).…”

Section: Condensed-phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardants, Phosphorus

Weil

2001

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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One of the principal classes of flame retardants for plastics and textiles is that of phosphorus, phosphorus‐nitrogen, and phosphorus‐halogen compounds. These flame retardants are also used for wood and paper. The mechanisms of action, which may be in the condensed or vapor phase or in both, are presented. The interactions with other flame retardants are discussed. Commercial phosphorus‐based flame retardants include some inorganic compounds as well as both additive and reactive organic phosphorus systems. These materials range from simple salts to oligomeric compounds and encompass both liquids and solids. Some commercial products are pure compounds. Others are mixtures. The various compounds, corresponding structures, and specific uses are given. The toxicity of these products is discussed.

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“…The most widely used commercial fire retardant is the halogen-phosphorus-containing compound TDCPP, which acts in both the condensed and vapor phases. In the solid phase, a phosphorus-containing carbonaceous layer grows between the flame and the pyrolysis zone, and acts as a barrier for the transfer of heat and fuel [15]. In the gas phase, the vaporized TDCPP dilutes the fuel vapors sufficiently to reduce the flame-propagation velocity to below that at which they stream out of the pyrolysis zone [16].…”

Section: Pyrellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Foamex's polyurethane foams states that their fire retarded foams may release hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen fluoride or phosphoric acid depending on the fire retardant additive [24]. In addition, halogen-phosphorus additives are known to promote the growth of a phosphorus-containing carbonaceous layer between the flame and the pyrolysis zone, which acts as a barrier for the transfer of heat and fuel [15]; this describes exactly the behavior of Pyrell. It therefore seems likely that Pyrell includes halogen-phosphorus-containing fire retardants.…”

Section: Pyrell Foam Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition of Combustion Modified Polyurethane Foam

Putzeys

Fernandez-Pello

Urban

Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: 11th Volume

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ABSTRACT:Results are presented from an experimental study on the ignition of the combustion modified (fire retarded) polyurethane foam Pyrell ® (35.3 kg/m 3 and 64.0 kg/m 3 ) in elevated oxygen concentrations, ranging from 30% to 60%. The samples are exposed to an external flow and variable radiant heat flux on one face, and insulated on the other faces. The experiments show that Pyrell undergoes a weak smoldering reaction that requires significant assistance in the form of external heat input in order to propagate. The results also show that given sufficient oxygen and radiant heat flux, the smoldering reaction can produce enough volatile fuel and heat to trigger a gas phase ignition, i.e. a transition from smoldering to flaming, in pores in the char region. The experiments also indicate that high-density Pyrell is more ignitable than low-density Pyrell, which could be explained by the greater solid surface area for smoldering reactions to take place.

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Flexible polyurethane foam. II. Fire retardation by tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Part B. Examination of the condensed phase (the pyrolysis zone)

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

The piloted transition to flaming in smoldering fire retarded and non‐fire retarded polyurethane foam

The piloted transition to flaming in smoldering fire retarded and non‐fire retarded polyurethane foam

Flame Retardants, Phosphorus

Ignition of Combustion Modified Polyurethane Foam

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