Flexible polyurethane foam. I. Thermal decomposition of a polyether‐based, water‐blown commercial type of flexible polyurethane foam

Ravey, M.; Pearce, Eli M.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19970103)63:1<47::aid-app7>3.3.co;2-3

Cited by 71 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…The mass loss of the first step fits well with the TDI concentration of 32.9% in the sample. The release of TDI was caused by depolymerization of the urethane and the bisubstituted urea groups and is described in the literature [39][40][41]. The second peak can be attributed to the decomposition of the remaining polyether chain.…”

Section: Tga and Tg-ms Measurements Of The Flex Pu Foam Without And Wmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This is due to the low density, high air permeability, open cell structure, low aromaticity and the high carbon and hydrogen content in the polymer matrix [5]. The decomposition of flexible PU foams by flaming combustion [6,7] as well as by smoldering combustion [8,9] is described in the recent literature in detail. In this paper, only flaming combustion and not smoldering is part of the experimental investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame retardancy working mechanism of methyl‐DOPO and MPPP in flexible polyurethane foam

König

Kroke

2010

Fire and Materials

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The chemical nature of flexible polyurethane (flex PU) foams, the low density, the high air permeability and the open cell structure cause this material to be highly flammable. The new phosphorus flame-retardant (FR) methyl-DOPO (9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-methylphosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) is known to show an excellent flame retarding behavior in flex PU foam by acting mainly in the gas phase. In this study, the FR working mechanism of methyl-DOPO and its ring-opened analogue MPPP (methylphenoxyphenyl-phosphinate) is investigated by TGA, TG-MS, FMVSS 302 and Cone Calorimeter measurements. Under TG-MS conditions comparable concentrations of low molecular weight species such as HPO, mathrmCH 3PO or PO 2 are released. These species are able to scavenge the H- and OH-radicals in the radical chain reactions of the flame leading to a significant increase in the CO/CO 2 ratio and the smoke density during cone calorimeter experiments. Finally, the flame retardancy of MPPP is determined to be less efficient in flex PU foam because of the higher vapor pressure compared with methyl-DOPO. Here, the vaporization of methyl-DOPO occurs in the same temperature region as the depolymerization of the urethane and the bisubstituted urea groups during pyrolysis of the foam leading to an optimal interaction

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Section: Tga and Tg-ms Measurements Of The Flex Pu Foam Without And Wmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardancy working mechanism of methyl‐DOPO and MPPP in flexible polyurethane foam

König

Kroke

2010

Fire and Materials

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“…Pure PU had a two-step degradation process at 250-380, 380-420 C. The former is ascribed to the dimerization and trimerization reaction of isocyanates, 30,31 whereas the latter is mainly attributed to depolymerization of PU to form isocyanate, polyol, primary or secondary amine, olefin, and carbon dioxide. 32 As for IFRPU/starch systems, the thermal degradation of PU-5 and PU-10 has three stages at 250-280, 280-315, and 315-380 C. The first stage is assigned to the degradation of MA, 33,34 whereas the second one is due to starch hydroxylation and decomposition of MCAPP. 22,35 The last stage is also ascribed to depolymerization of PU.…”

Section: Thermal Stability Of Pure Pu and Ifrpu/starch Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intumescent flame retardant polyurethane/starch composites: Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties

Gavgani

Adelnia

Sadeghi

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Intumescent flame retardant polyurethane/starch (IFRPU/starch) composites were prepared by means of melt blending. Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP) was added to improve its compatibility with matrix, retardation of reaction between acid and carbon source, and its water resistancy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of hydrogen bonding and entangled network between IFR system and PU matrix. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated homogeneity of starch in matrix. By addition of 10 wt % of starch and 20 wt % of IFR, limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 22.0 to 40.0 and UL94 V0 rating was achieved. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detected three endothermic transitions and one glass transition (Tg). The temperature of transition III and Tg increased with starch due to crosslinking between PU and starch. The improved thermal stability in the presence of starch was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Beside the fact that starch was used as a carbonization agent to improve flame retardancy, it also effectively led to enhanced mechanical and viscoelastic properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41158.

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“…21 The first mass loss begins between 290 and 315 C and likely refers to the initial split of the urethane group to yield the alcohol and isocyanate groups. 22 At this stage, there are multiple intermediates of degradation that are documented but of particular importance are the evolution of carbodiimide and carbon dioxide. Once produced, carbodiimide could react with newly formed alcohol groups to form substituted urea linkages.…”

Section: Thermal Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending the working life of toluene diisocyanate‐based polyurethanes

Reardon

Carroll

Dumont

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This work demonstrates that the addition of tridecanoic acid to a toluene diisocyante (TDI)‐based polyurethane considerable increases its working life. Formulations with the additive exhibited little changes in chemistry, glass‐transition temperatures, and thermal stability as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheology studies, nuclear magnetic resonance, solvent swelling tests, and thermal analyses. There was a slight increase in toughness of the additive formulation associated with an increase in engineering strain and a decrease in peak engineering stress. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the acid forms hydrogen bonding with the OH groups from the diols, slowing down the polymerization. These studies demonstrate that tridecanoic acid can be used to extend working time of a TDI‐based polyurethane with minimal changes to physical and chemical properties when compared to the pristine polyurethane. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47865.

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Flexible polyurethane foam. I. Thermal decomposition of a polyether‐based, water‐blown commercial type of flexible polyurethane foam

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Flame retardancy working mechanism of methyl‐DOPO and MPPP in flexible polyurethane foam

Flame retardancy working mechanism of methyl‐DOPO and MPPP in flexible polyurethane foam

Intumescent flame retardant polyurethane/starch composites: Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties

Extending the working life of toluene diisocyanate‐based polyurethanes

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