Flexible polymeric nanosized micelles for ophthalmic drug delivery: research progress in the last three years

Abstract

The eye is a complex structure with a variety of anatomical barriers and clearance mechanisms, so the provision of safe and effective ophthalmic drug delivery technology is a major challenge....

Cyclosporine-loaded micelles for ocular delivery: Investigating the penetration mechanisms

“…These nanosystems, in addition to a relatively easy preparation, sterilization method and high scale-up feasibility, showed good solubilization properties and efficient cellular internalization [13][14][15]. In case of ocular delivery, micelles have demonstrated the ability to enhance drug transport to the anterior eye segment [16][17][18] thanks to an improved solubility of drugs, higher penetration capacity (due to their nanometric size) and prolonged drug release [19][20][21]. Furthermore, ex-vivo data highlighted their capability to promote drug permeation across ocular tissues such as the sclera and the choroid, in the perspective of a posterior segment targeting [16,21,22].…”

Therapeutic applications of contact lens-based drug delivery systems in ophthalmic diseases

“…Nonetheless, owing to the influence of water content of the contact lens and molecular solubility of the drug, this method has disadvantages of low drug loading and fast release speed (Soluri et al., 2012 ). To improve the drug loading capacity and prolong the drug release, many innovations have been made in the lens production process, such as molecular imprinting, polymer nanoparticles, vitamin E barriers, drug polymer film/coating, ionic interactions, supercritical fluid technology, and so on ( Table 2 ) (Bengani & Chauhan, 2013 ; Nasr et al., 2016 ; Maulvi et al., 2016a ; Torres-Luna et al., 2019a ; Varela-Garcia et al., 2020 ; Franco & De Marco, 2021 ; Li et al., 2021a ).…”

“…In addition, studies about the effects of gold nanoparticles on the loading and delivery of drugs in contact lenses have confirmed that gold nanoparticles can increase drug uptake from soaking solution and improved the release kinetics without affecting the critical properties of contact lenses for therapeutic application (Maulvi et al., 2019 ; Li et al., 2021b ). Drug-loaded nanocontact lenses have successfully achieved controlled and sustained drug delivery, which is a promising approach to treat ophthalmic diseases (Rodrigues et al., 2020 ; Khan et al., 2021 ; Kusrini et al., 2021 ; Liu et al., 2021 ; Maulvi et al., 2021 ; Li et al., 2021a ).…”

Role of Polymeric Micelles in Ocular Drug Delivery: An Overview of Decades of Research

“…The eye presents numerous biological barriers that may vary between different species, further complicating clinical trials. The utilization of nanomedicines, including polymeric micellar formulations, in clinical trials hinges on the assurance of final product quality through the implementation and validation of good manufacturing practices (GMP). , However, some of the production methods for polymeric micelles lack reproducibility and scalability, rendering it challenging to meet GMP requirements . Furthermore, the immaturity of regulatory frameworks for nanomedicines stands as a significant impediment to the clinical use of polymeric micelles. , Enhancements and clarification are required in the regulatory frameworks that oversee manufacturing procedures, process control, quality assessment, drug quality, product standards, and stability.…”

“…Numerous reviews have been published on micelles as ocular drug delivery systems. − The present review aimed to provide a detailed overview of the preclinical and clinical use of polymeric micellar systems for the management of ocular diseases. The review will also discuss different ocular barriers to be overcome for efficient drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye and different ocular routes in which micelles are utilized, as well as their advantages and disadvantages over other formulations.…”