Flexible electromagnetic wave sensor operating at GHz frequencies for instantaneous concentration measurements of NaCl, KCl, MnCl<sub>2</sub>and CuCl solutions

Korostynska, O.; Ortoneda-Pedrola, Montserrat; Mason, Alex; Al-Shamma’a, A.I.

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/25/6/065105

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Real‐time measurement of water profiles on flexible substrates using electromagnetic waves is an emerging field. The principle of sensing lies in measuring the shifts in the resonant amplitude and frequency in the microwave to gigahertz range due to the influences of ion concentrations on the dielectric constant of water …”

Section: Flexible Ph Sensors and Ion Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors

et al. 2017

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Flexible sensors that efficiently detect various stimuli relevant to specific environmental or biological species have been extensively studied due to their great potential for the Internet of Things and wearable electronics applications. The application of flexible and stretchable electronics to device-engineering technologies has enabled the fabrication of slender, lightweight, stretchable, and foldable sensors. Here, recent studies on flexible sensors for biological analytes, ions, light, and pH are outlined. In addition, contemporary studies on device structure, materials, and fabrication methods for flexible sensors are discussed, and a market overview is provided. The conclusion presents challenges and perspectives in this field.

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Section: Flexible Ph Sensors and Ion Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors

et al. 2017

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“…A specific microwave band was generated from the VNA depending on the sensors used so as to permit the interaction between the sample, inside the sensor holder and, the electromagnetic (EM) waves. This interaction changes depending on the specific properties of the sample [25]. The EM waves in contact with the sample are therefore influenced by the specific properties of it such as the permittivity, generate a unique response signal spectrum measurable through the VNA, using the reflected signal S 11 .…”

Section: Microwave Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Microwave, Dielectric, and Optical Sensing of Lincomycin and Tylosin Antibiotics in Water: Sensor Fusion for Environmental Safety

et al. 2018

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Antibiotics are widely used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in livestock animals, aquaculture, and humans. However, the unconditional use of those drugs as a growth promoter for livestock animals and the wrong usage as a treatment for infections in humans has led to high antibiotics pollution, especially in water resources. The elevated presence of antibiotics in water has resulted in the phenomenon known as the bacterial antibiotics resistance. To prevent ecological catastrophe, continuous real-time monitoring of water sources is necessary. The aim of this research work is to compare the abilities of three different techniques: novel electromagnetic wave spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and capacitance sensing system for the real-time detection and quantification of antibiotics in water. Tylosin and lincomycin antibiotics were selected to the study, as both are regularly found in water sources. Two novel microwave sensor configurations were used: a planar sensor with interdigitated electrode pattern and a hairpin resonator sensor, as a means of real-time water analysis. Reflected S11 power signals were analyzed in GHz frequency range for microwave sensors. In parallel, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used, where change in the optical absorbance was used as an indicator of water pollution, whereas change in the value of a capacitance in low frequency range has signalled the change in the dielectric properties of the solution. It was found that in all cases the changes in the measured parameters were dependent on both the type of antibiotic present in water and on its concentration. Fusion of all these techniques into a comprehensive sensing platform provides adequate real-time assessment of the water pollution with antibiotics and would allow adequate management of environment for safety and sustainable development. In particular, the lowest lincomycin samples’ concentration, 0.25 μg/l, was measured with a hairpin resonator sensor, while the lowest tylosin samples’ concentration, 0.20 μg/l, was measured with an IDE sensor. Since concentration in groundwater were 0.36 μg/l of lincomycin and 1.5 μg/l of tylosin, it is demonstrating a high-sensing platform utility.

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“…The spectra at GHz frequencies of deionized (DI) water and NaCl, KCl, MnCl 2 , and CuCl solutions of various concentrations were recorded with a microwave sensor. (19,26,27) Radiation at microwave frequencies between 1.5 and 5.0 GHz is only slightly attenuated by atmospheric gases. (28) It has been observed that the frequency range of 0.5 to 4.0 GHz is best suited for salinity estimation.…”

Section: Design Basismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(18) An electromagnetic wave sensor operating in the 0.01 to 4.0 GHz range for real-time chloride concentration analysis was reported. (19) Thus, microwave technology has great potential for biosensing applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Hairpin Resonator for Microfluidic Sensing

Liu

Chen

Wang

et al. 2018

Sensors and Materials

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We present a near-field microwave sensor based on a hairpin resonator for detecting aqueous ethanol and aqueous NaCl concentrations in microfluidics. A hairpin sensor with a high-quality (high-Q) dielectric resonator allows the detection of a small variation in the aqueous NaCl concentration by measuring the scattering parameter (S 21) responses at resonance frequencies. The responses caused by the test liquids with various dielectric constants in aqueous ethanol solution were observed at operating frequencies of 1.9 and 2.1 GHz. The detection of various concentrations of NaCl in solution was also achieved. The changes in S 21 at resonance frequencies are directly related to changes in the aqueous NaCl concentration because of the electromagnetic interaction between the resonator and the NaCl solution. The stable linear relationships are advantageous for detecting and analyzing aqueous ethanol and aqueous NaCl concentrations. It shows that the sensor is reliable for both dielectric constant and conductivity detection in liquid. The hairpin resonator, which is easily fabricated by standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology, has great potential for microfluidic sensing applications.

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Flexible electromagnetic wave sensor operating at GHz frequencies for instantaneous concentration measurements of NaCl, KCl, MnCl₂and CuCl solutions

Cited by 33 publications

References 29 publications

An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors

An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors

Real-Time Microwave, Dielectric, and Optical Sensing of Lincomycin and Tylosin Antibiotics in Water: Sensor Fusion for Environmental Safety

Improved Hairpin Resonator for Microfluidic Sensing

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Flexible electromagnetic wave sensor operating at GHz frequencies for instantaneous concentration measurements of NaCl, KCl, MnCl2and CuCl solutions

Cited by 33 publications

References 29 publications

An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors

An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors

Real-Time Microwave, Dielectric, and Optical Sensing of Lincomycin and Tylosin Antibiotics in Water: Sensor Fusion for Environmental Safety

Improved Hairpin Resonator for Microfluidic Sensing

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Product

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Flexible electromagnetic wave sensor operating at GHz frequencies for instantaneous concentration measurements of NaCl, KCl, MnCl₂and CuCl solutions