FLEXIBLE CULM 1 encoding a cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase controls culm mechanical strength in rice

Li, Xiangjun; Yang, Ying; Yao, Jialing; Chen, Guoxing; Li, Xianghua; Zhang, Qifa; Wu, Changyin

doi:10.1007/s11103-008-9448-8

Cited by 132 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The relative ratios of these cinnamyl alcohols are essential for determining the structural and mechanical characters of lignin (Li et al, 2009). The rice genome has 12 CADlike genes.…”

Section: Effects Of Lignin Deposition On Seed Shattering and Internodmentioning

confidence: 99%

KNOX Protein OSH15 Induces Grain Shattering by Repressing Lignin Biosynthesis Genes

et al. 2017

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Seed shattering is an agronomically important trait. Two major domestication factors are responsible for this: qSH1 and SH5. Whereas qSH1 functions in cell differentiation in the abscission zone (AZ), a major role of SH5 is the repression of lignin deposition. We have determined that a KNOX protein, OSH15, also controls seed shattering. Knockdown mutations of OSH15 showed reduced seed-shattering phenotypes. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that OSH15 interacts with SH5 and qSH1, two proteins in the BELL homeobox family. In transgenic plants carrying the OSH15 promoter-GUS reporter construct, the reporter gene was preferentially expressed in the AZ during young spikelet development. The RNA in situ hybridization experiment also showed that OSH15 messenger RNAs were abundant in the AZ during spikelet development. Analyses of osh15 SH5-D double mutants showed that SH5 could not increase the degree of seed shattering when OSH15 was absent, indicating that SH5 functions together with OSH15. In addition to the seedshattering phenotype, osh15 mutants displayed dwarfism and accumulated a higher amount of lignin in internodes due to increased expression of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. Knockout mutations of CAD2, which encodes an enzyme for the last step in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway, caused an easy seed-shattering phenotype by reducing lignin deposition in the AZ. This indicated that the lignin level is an important determinant of seed shattering in rice (Oryza sativa). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that both OSH15 and SH5 interact directly with CAD2 chromatin. We conclude that OSH15 and SH5 form a dimer that enhances seed shattering by directly inhibiting lignin biosynthesis genes.

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“…The relative ratios of these cinnamyl alcohols are essential for determining the structural and mechanical characters of lignin (Li et al, 2009). The rice genome has 12 CADlike genes.…”

Section: Effects Of Lignin Deposition On Seed Shattering and Internodmentioning

confidence: 99%

KNOX Protein OSH15 Induces Grain Shattering by Repressing Lignin Biosynthesis Genes

et al. 2017

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“…For Wiesner (phloroglucinol-HCl) staining, sections were incubated for 10 min in phloroglucinol solution (1% in 70% ethanol, v/v), and treated with 18% HCl for 5 min. The sections were then photographed under light microscopy (Olympus BX-51, Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan; Li et al 2009;Zhang et al 2006).…”

Section: Histochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 5-Hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-Methyltransferase in Oryza sativa

Koshiba

Hirose

Mukai

et al. 2013

Plant Biotechnology

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Little is known regarding syringyl lignin biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). In the present study, the role of rice caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (OsCOMT1, Q6ZD89), was examined. The recombinant OsCOMT1 catalyzed the 5-Omethylation of 5-hydroxyferulate (5-HFA) and 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde (5-HCAld). 5-HCAld inhibited 5-HFA methylation by this O-methyltransferase (OMT), while 5-HFA mitigated self-inhibition in 5-HCAld methylation. A rice plant in which OsCOMT1 expression was downregulated exhibited weakened cell wall staining with Wiesner reagent in vascular bundle cells and sclerenchyma tissue, compared with wild-type plants. The lignin content of transgenic rice plants was decreased and the syringyl lignin content reduced largely compared with that of the wild type. Taken together, these data indicated that OsCOMT1 functioned as a 5-HCAld OMT (OsCAldOMT1) in the biosynthetic pathway to syringyl lignin. Recently, because of the increased demand for biobased materials as alternatives to fossil carbon resources, gramineous plants that produce large amounts of inedible lignocellulosic biomass have been drawing attention as potential materials for biofuel and industrial feedstock production (Yamamura et al. 2013). Lignocellulose is composed mainly of lignin and polysaccharides. Lignin is a complex phenylpropanoid polymer, and fills the spaces between cell wall polysaccharides and confers mechanical strength and imperviousness to the cell wall (Boerjan et al. 2003). The inherent robust characteristics of lignin present obstacles to enzymatic hydrolysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides for biorefining, chemical pulping, and forage digestion. On the other hand, lignin is a promising raw material for aromatic feedstock production.Lignins are generally classified into three major groups: guaiacyl (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl), syringyl (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl), and p-hydroxyphenyl lignins. Lignin structures affect their reactivity and thermal properties. For example, plants with high syringyl lignin content are more easily delignified in kraft pulping than those with low syringyl lignin content (Chiang and Funaoka 1990;Lourenço et al. 2012;Shimizu et al. 2012). Condensed lignin structures reduce the thermal mobility of lignin (Kubo et al. 1997), indicating that syringyl lignin is beneficial for use in plastics, compared with guaiacyl lignin, because syringyl lignin lacks the condensed structures. Characterization of lignin and its biosynthetic mechanisms is a basis for the practical use of lignocelluloses.Syringyl lignin had long been proposed to be formed from p-coumaric acid (CouA) via caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), 5-hydroxyferulic acid (5-HFA), sinapic acid (SA), sinapoyl CoA (SCoA), sinapaldehyde (SAld), and sinapyl alcohol (SAlc) (Figure 1), based on tracer experiments with isotope-labeled phenylpropanoid monomers and associated enzymatic experiments Original Paper DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.13.0219a Abbreviations: 4CL, 4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase; 5-HCAlc, 5-...

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“…For Wiesner staining, the sections were incubated for 10 min in phloroglucinol solution (1% in 70% ethanol), and treated with 18% HCl for 5 min. The sections were photographed under a light microscope (Olympus BX-51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) (Li et al 2009;Zhang et al 2006).…”

Section: Histochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

CAD2 deficiency causes both brown midrib and gold hull and internode phenotypes in Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare

Koshiba

Murakami

Hattori

et al. 2013

Plant Biotechnology

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Several brown midrib (bm) mutants have so far been isolated from the C4 grasses, maize, sorghum and pearl millet, but have not been detected in C3 grasses including rice (Oryza sativa). In the present study we characterized the cad2 (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2) null mutant isolated from retrotransposon Tos17 insertion lines of Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare. This mutant exhibited brown-colored midribs in addition to hulls and internodes, clearly indicating both bm and gold hull and internode (gh) phenotypes. The enzymatic saccharification efficiency in the culm of cad2 null mutant was increased by 16.1% than that of the control plants. The lignin content of the cad2 null mutant was 14.6% lower than that of the control plants. Thioacidolysis of the cad2 null mutant indicated the presence of cinnamaldehyde structures in the lignin. Taken together, our results show that deficiency of OsCAD2 causes the bm phenotype in addition to gh, and that the coloration is probably due to the accumulation of cinnamaldehyde-related structures in the lignin. Additionally, this cad2 null mutant was useful to silage purposes and biofuel production. Lignin is a complex phenylpropanoid polymer, and is biosynthesized via oxidative coupling of phydroxycinnamyl alcohols (monolignols) and related compounds that are formed in the cinnamate/ monolignol pathway (Umezawa 2010). Lignin fills the spaces between cell wall polysaccharides and confers mechanical strength and imperviousness to the cell wall (Boerjan et al. 2003). Therefore, lignin biosynthesis is closely related to the evolution of land plants.Lignin has several properties that present obstacles to chemical pulping, forage digestion, and enzymatic hydrolysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides for biorefining. For these processes, it would be beneficial for plant materials to either have less lignin, or to have lignin that is easier to remove. Mutant plants in which genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes are downregulated are generally expected to have lower lignin content and higher enzymatic saccharification efficiency. For these reasons, lignin biosynthesis is an area of great interest (Chiang 2006;Dixon and Reddy 2003;Vanholme et al. 2008;Weng et al. 2008).Several brown midrib (bm or bmr for sorghum) mutants have been isolated in maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) arising by either spontaneous or chemical mutagenesis (Barrière et al. 2004;Cherney et al. 1991;Sattler et al. 2010). The characteristic reddish-brown to tan colored midribs of the mutant leaf blades contrasts with the pale green midribs of the wild type. In addition, the mutants show similar coloration in stalks and generally have reduced lignin content and higher in vitro digestibility compared with wild-type plants. Hence, the mutants have been receiving a lot of interest in relation not only to silage purposes (Barrière et al. 2004;Cherney et al. 1991;Sattler et al. 2010), but also biofuel production (Sattler et al. 2010).In maize, six...

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FLEXIBLE CULM 1 encoding a cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase controls culm mechanical strength in rice

Cited by 132 publications

References 38 publications

KNOX Protein OSH15 Induces Grain Shattering by Repressing Lignin Biosynthesis Genes

KNOX Protein OSH15 Induces Grain Shattering by Repressing Lignin Biosynthesis Genes

Characterization of 5-Hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-Methyltransferase in Oryza sativa

CAD2 deficiency causes both brown midrib and gold hull and internode phenotypes in Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare

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