Flexible Carbon Capture and Utilization technologies in future energy systems and the utilization pathways of captured CO2

Abstract

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Assessing the potential of carbon dioxide valorisation in Europe with focus on biogenic CO2

“…Other utilization pathways are offered by the water purification industry, the pulp and paper industry, the metal industry, welding, electronics, refrigerant gas and fire suppression technologies. A comprehensive review on the existing and emerging uses of CO2 and their CO2 demand was published in [113], [3] and [35].…”

“…The CO2 produced during industrial bioethanol fermentation is already utilized to some extent, whereas the CO2 accumulating in the beverage industry is reused nearly completely, especially in larger breweries and wine production sites. CO2 from industrial bioethanol plants is often utilized as dry ice [114,115], gaseous fertilizer for green houses and food packing [12,35,116,117] or for carbonating beverages [12,35,41,114]. The CO2 generated during fermentation processes in the beer and wine industry is often used for carbonating wine and beer directly [97,99,118] or as inert gas to preserve the beverages [35,59,61,119].…”

“…CO2 from industrial bioethanol plants is often utilized as dry ice [114,115], gaseous fertilizer for green houses and food packing [12,35,116,117] or for carbonating beverages [12,35,41,114]. The CO2 generated during fermentation processes in the beer and wine industry is often used for carbonating wine and beer directly [97,99,118] or as inert gas to preserve the beverages [35,59,61,119]. The major potential is therefore derived from biogas upgrading plants, the remaining CO2 from bioethanol production and flue gases from biogas combustion, whereas the raw biogas (approx.…”

“…More recent applications involve micro algae production or new processes to produce well-known products [33,34]. Mikulčić et al [35] conducted an extensive review of CCU technologies and utilization pathways of captured CO2.…”

“…The quality requirements for CO2 utilized in the FAB and pharmaceutical industries are very high [35]. Regulations for the quality of food grade CO2 are released by the European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) [42]…”