Flexibility and Resiliency of Electric Power Systems: Analysis of Definitions and Content

Abstract

This paper deals with actively studied terms "flexibility" and "resiliency" of electric power systems (EPS). Definitions and content of these new fundamental EPS properties are analysed. Objective trends in development of EPS with regard to these properties are discussed. Possible measures for improving flexibility and resiliency of EPS are suggested.

Infrastructural Cyber-Physical Energy Systems: Transformations, Challenges, Future Appearance

“…Recently, due to the broader adoption of generating units running on renewable energy resources, that are characterized by unsteady power output, and increased activity on the part consumers to control their own electricity consumption in real-time, the uncertainty of the current operation mode of the EPS has increased significantly, which encouraged the study of the flexibility of the EPS and justification of the means to increase it. The flexibility of the EPS is a relatively new concept characterizing its ability to maintain the normal or close to normal state under the influence of internal (sudden changes and fluctuations of generation and load, flows along lines) and external (random disturbances) random (uncertain) factors [13].…”

“…In general, there are numerous possibilities for future EPSs to ensure their flexibility and to choose reasonable means for this purpose: this is a far from easy problem than can be solved for standard conditions of operation and development of these systems [13]. At the same time, the relevance of studies of off-standard (extreme) conditions under the impact of corresponding external and internal factors that require careful consideration increases.…”

“…At the same time, the relevance of studies of off-standard (extreme) conditions under the impact of corresponding external and internal factors that require careful consideration increases. These factors are associated with the notion of EPS survivability [13], and recently with the closely related property of resiliency, which is considered in relation to large-scale disturbances and cascade accidents in EPSs [14, etc.]. To counteract such complex emergencies, the emergency control and protection system is available and is being developed, including effective procedures for restoring EPSs.…”

Flexibility of the power system: background, relevance, and categorization

“…Meanwhile, with the wide spread involving these technologies, the degree of influence of consumers on the EPS operation increases significantly, and the emerging trends are already negative. The aggregate conclusion of these trends as two tendencies, which seem to be the most important in terms of their negative impact, is presented in [17,18]:…”

Analysis of electricity supply systems flexibility and problems to be investigated

“…Generalizing a number of definitions of 'EPS flexibility' term, Ref. [46] offers the EPS flexibility to be defined as ability of a system to maintain normal operating conditions (regimes) under the impact of internal (sudden changes in generating sources, fluctuations in loads and line flows) and external (sudden external impacts of different origin) random (uncertain) factors. The factors mentioned were systematized and measures for EPS flexibility enhancement were briefly discussed in [46,55].…”