Flexibacter maritimus is the agent of 'black patch necrosis' in Dover sole in Scotland

Bernardet, Jean‐François; Campbell, Andrew C.; Buswell, John A.

doi:10.3354/dao008233

Cited by 83 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Several published articles detail homogeneity of F. maritimus, considering a homogeneous taxonomy based on different biochemical and physiological characteristics, which seems to explain the differences found in our research (Wakabayashi et al, 1984;Baxa et al, 1986;Bernardet and Grimont, 1989;Bernardet et al, 1990 andChen et al, 1995). It is presumed that the presence of highly virulent strains of Flexibacter sp.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 43%

Characterization and experimental infection of Flexibacter maritimus (Wakabayashi et al. 1986) in hatcheries of post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931

et al. 2008

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A preliminary study to characterize filamentous bacteria, whose presence is related to high mortality of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae cultured in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, is reported. The extract of infected larvae was diluted in different concentrations, cultured in marine agar (Difco TM , Marine Agar 2216) and incubated at 30 °C for 48 hours. The biochemical characterization included hydrolytic reactions of starch, gelatin and tyrosine, growth in TCBS agar, growth in 0 and 37‰ salinity, pigment production in tyrosine agar, production of H 2 S, nitrate reduction, congo red reaction, oxidase and catalase. The isolated bacteria belong to the species Flexibacter maritimus, Gram-negative bacilli of 0.4-0.5 µm width and 15 µm length. Experiments were carried out on pathogenicity of F. maritimus in post-larvae of L. vannamei. Survival and symptoms in L. vannamei post-larvae 24 hours after inoculation with F. maritimus and its growth in marine agar were evaluated. Mortality was detected around 92,5% as well as symptoms like melanized lesions in several parts of body, discolouration of gills, bad formation of appendages and of the last abdominal segment, low motility and feeding reduction. The experimental infection results suggested that isolated bacteria of the genus Flexibacter are pathogenic to the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae. Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei, hatchery, Flexibacter maritimus, experimental infection. Caracterização e infecção experimental de Flexibacter maritimus em pós-larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei ResumoNeste trabalho, relata-se um estudo preliminar para caracterizar bactérias filamentosas associadas a elevadas mortalidades de larvas e pós-larvas cultivadas no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Um extrato de larvas infectadas foi diluído em diferentes concentrações, cultivado em Agar Marine (Difco TM , Marine Agar 2216) e incubado a 30° C por 48 horas. A caracterização bioquímica inclui reações de amido, gelatina e tirosesine, crescimento em Agar TCBS,crescimento a 0 e 37‰ de salinidade, produção de pigmentos em Agar Tirosine, produção de H 2 S, redução de nitrato, reação vermelho congo, oxidase e catalase. A bactéria isolada apresentou características de Flexibacter maritimus, um bacilo Gram negativo de 0,4-0,5 µm de largura e 15 µm de comprimento. Os experimentos foram realizados sobre a patogenicidade de F. Maritimus, em pós-larvas de L. vannamei. Foram avaliados a sobrevivência e os sintomas das pós-larvas 24 horas após a inoculação com F. Maritimus, além do seu crescimento em Agar Marine. Foram encontradas mortalidades de 92,5% e sintomas próprios da enfermidade, tais como lesões melanizadas em várias partes do corpo, descoloração das brânquias e diminuição da motilidade e da alimentação. Com base nos resultados da infecção experimental, pode se concluir que a bactéria isolada do gênero Flexibacter é patogênica para pós-larvas de L. vannamei.Palavras-chave: Litopenaeus vannamei, pós-larvas, Flexibacter maritimus, infecção experimental. Mouriño, JLP. et al.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 43%

Characterization and experimental infection of Flexibacter maritimus (Wakabayashi et al. 1986) in hatcheries of post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931

et al. 2008

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“…Tenacibaculum maritimum is the causative agent of marine flexibacteriosis in a number of cultured fish species worldwide (Wakabayashi et al 1986, Devesa et al 1989, Bernardet et al 1990, Chen et al 1995, Kusuda & Kawai 1998, Ostland et al 1999. In Tasmania, Australia, the disease has affected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina and striped trumpeter Latris lineata (Handlinger et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar. I. Pathogenicity

Gelderen¹,

Carson²,

Nowak³

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Tenacibaculum maritimum causes marine flexibacteriosis in many cultured fish species, including Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Tasmania, Australia. Several aspects of the pathogenicity of this bacterium were investigated in naive Atlantic salmon smolts using different isolates, growth conditions and doses to produce a model of infection. We found that T. maritimum is pathogenic to Atlantic salmon using either marine Shieh's or marine Ordal's culture medium. The use of aeration in broth culture produced a dose effect in challenge due to a 'clumping' of the bacteria during culture. The virulence of a strain appears to be connected with this 'clumping'; the more adherent the cells, the more pathogenic the strain. Differences in virulence between 3 strains was apparent, with 1 of the strains (89/4747) being non-pathogenic and unable to produce disease in the host. The 2 other strains (89/4762, 00/3280) were highly virulent, resulting in 100% mortalities within 3 d. A reproducible model of infection has been established in the present study using strain 89/4762. Results from the present study provide a better insight into the nature of the disease. KEY WORDS: Tenacibaculum maritimum · Pathogenicity · Atlantic salmon · Infection model Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 91: [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128] 2010 MATERIALS AND METHODSPathogenicity experiments. Three different methods were used to assess the pathogenicity of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Atlantic salmon (Table 1). Expt 1 was a comparison of methods: 2 different growth media, marine Shieh's broth (MSB) and marine Anacker and Ordal's broth (Anacker & Ordal 1959) (MOB), with or without aeration were used during culture of bacteria. The assessment was made with strain 89/4762. Expt 2 was a comparison of the pathogenicity of 3 strains (89/4762, 89/4747, 00/3280) and Expt 3 compared dose effects for 1 strain (89/4762). Assessments of culture media and strains on pathogenicity were made in a semi-static experiment. As a recirculation system was used in Expt 3, there were 2 different control treatments. One control treatment was within the recirculation system and was called control (in); and another was still part of the system but had a separate water source, and was called control (out). The system was set up with a filter bank down to 0.8 µm for incoming water and 2 UV lights (400 J m 2-1 , 4000 l h -1 ) to reduce bacterial load.Experimental fish. Naive, disease-free Atlantic salmon smolts were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The fish were initially kept in freshwater and then acclimated to seawater (salinity 35) over a week starting at salinity 5. They were fed on a commercial diet (Atlantic HP, Skretting) at maintenance (1% body weight) during acclimation. Feeding ceased 48 h before challenge. Numbers of fish and replicates, weight and length of the fish, and water conditions for each experiment are summarised in Table 2.Bacteria cultures. Three strains of Tenacibaculum marit...

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“…Four species are considered pathogenic to salmonids: Flavobacterium branchiophilum (bacterial gill disease in freshwater), F. columnare (freshwater above 14°C), F. psychrophilum (mainly rainbow trout in freshwater) and Tenacibaculum maritimum (prev. Flexibacter maritimus) in seawater (Borg 1960, Wakabayashi et al 1986, 1989, Kent et al 1988, Bernardet 1989, Bernardet & Grimont 1989, Bernardet & Kerouault 1989, Bernardet et al 1990. T. maritimum has never been isolated in Norwegian ulcer cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Worldwide, members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacterioides group are reported to cause mortality and economical losses because of skin ulcers and eroded fins of both freshwater and seawater fish species (Wakabayashi et al 1986, Kent et al 1988, Bernardet 1989, Bernardet & Kerouault 1989, Bernardet et al 1990). The bacteria appear as yellow colonies with long, slender filamentous rods and are relatively difficult to culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Olsen

Nilsen²,

Sandlund³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Coldwater-associated ulcers, i.e. winter ulcers, in seawater-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. have been reported in Norway since the late 1980s, and Moritella viscosa has been established as an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition. As routine histopathological examination of winter ulcer cases in our laboratory revealed frequent presence in ulcers of long, slender rods clearly different from M. viscosa, a closer study focusing on these bacteria was conducted. Field cases of winter ulcers during 2 sampling periods, 1996 and 2004-2005, were investigated and long, slender rods were observed by histopathological examination in 70 and 62.5% of the ulcers examined, respectively, whereas cultivation on marine agar resulted in the isolation of yellowpigmented colonies with long rods from 3 and 13% of the ulcers only. The isolates could be separated into 2 groups, both identified as belonging to the genus Tenacibaculum based on phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA sequencing. Bath challenge for 7 h confirmed the ability of Group 1 bacterium to produce skin and cornea ulcers. In fish already suffering from M. viscosa-induced ulcers, co-infection with the Group 1 bacterium was established within 1 h. Ulcers from field cases of winter ulcers and from the transmission experiments tested positive by immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antiserum against the Group 1 bacterium but not the Group 2 bacterium. Our results strongly indicate the importance of the Group 1 bacterium in the pathogenesis of winter ulcers in Norway. The bacterium is difficult to isolate and is therefore likely to be underdiagnosed based on cultivation only. KEY WORDS: Winter ulcers · Tenacibaculum · Atlantic salmon · Transmission experiment · Moritella viscosa · Cod · Halibut Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 94: [189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199] 2011 winter ulcers (Lunder et al. 1995, Benediktsdóttir et al. 1998; however, demonstration of pathogenicity for this bacterium under experimental conditions has so far been unsuccessful (Lunder et al. 1995). Many culture-based investigations of winter ulcers have resulted in the identification of mixed cultures of mainly Vibrio spp. (Benediktsdóttir et al. 1998, H. Nilsen & A. B. Olsen unpubl.).Worldwide, members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacterioides group are reported to cause mortality and economical losses because of skin ulcers and eroded fins of both freshwater and seawater fish species (Wakabayashi et al. 1986, Kent et al. 1988, Bernardet 1989, Bernardet & Kerouault 1989, Bernardet et al. 1990). The bacteria appear as yellow colonies with long, slender filamentous rods and are relatively difficult to culture. Four species are considered pathogenic to salmonids: Flavobacterium branchiophilum (bacterial gill disease in freshwater), F. columnare (freshwater above 14°C), F. psychrophilum (mainly rainbow trout in freshwater) and Tenacibaculum maritimum (prev. Flexibacter maritimus) in...

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Flexibacter maritimus is the agent of 'black patch necrosis' in Dover sole in Scotland

Cited by 83 publications

References 13 publications

Characterization and experimental infection of Flexibacter maritimus (Wakabayashi et al. 1986) in hatcheries of post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931

Characterization and experimental infection of Flexibacter maritimus (Wakabayashi et al. 1986) in hatcheries of post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931

Experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar. I. Pathogenicity

Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

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