Fleroxacin: a review of its chemistry, microbiology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety

Cullmann, W.; Geddes, A. M.; Weidekamm, E.; Urwyler, Heinrich; Braunsteiner, A.R.

doi:10.1016/0924-8579(93)90055-a

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…This is in contradiction to the prediction by some workers [13] that the N)-4-methylated compounds such as fleroxacin will have a smaller volume of distribution than the nonmethylated compounds such as ciprofloxacin. Indeed it is also in contrast with some other reported findings [10,14]. The results in this study clearly suggest that fleroxacin is more widely distributed than ciprofloxacin.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Ciprofloxacin and Fleroxacin in Healthy Adult Nigerian Volunteers

Chukwuani

Coker²,

Oduola³

et al. 1998

Chemotherapy

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The kinetics of absorption, distribution and elimination of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin (following an intravenous dose of 200 mg), were evaluated in 24 adult healthy male Nigerian volunteers. Appropriate mathematical models were applied with the aid of a microcomputer software program for the estimation of the basic pharmacokinetic parameters. Appropriate statistical tests and profiles formed the basis for accepting or rejecting a proposed model. For parametric comparisons between the profile of the two drugs, the null hypothesis of no difference in their pharmacokinetic profile was proposed. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level of 95% (α = 0.05) and the 95% confidence level was determined where appropriate. Additionally, the model-independent or stochastic method of analysis was also employed in the pharmacokinetic evaluation of the blood level data. The parametric estimates obtained from both methods were compared. The plasma elimination half-life (t_1/2) was estimated as 13.8 ± 5.5 h for fleroxacin and 7.5 ± 4.0 h for ciprofloxacin; the maximal plasma concentration (C_max) was 0.8 ± 0.3 and 2.3 ± 1.0 mg/l for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively, whilst the volume of distribution (V_d) was 2.5 ± 1.6 and 0.4 ± 0.3 liters/kg for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. 71 and 70% of unchanged drug were excreted in urine for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. With respect to comparative values, the results confirmed trends already observed in the literature, particularly as regards the t_1/2. However, for fleroxacin there was a significant deviation from the literature trends with respect to V_d, C_max and AUC. The results also confirmed earlier findings, advocating a once-daily dosage schedule for fleroxacin also in the Negroid population.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…It was also reported that urine concentrations of 20-200 Ìg/ml are maintained for at least 48 h [9], and 2 metabolites were identified in the urine. Fleroxacin is said to be only weakly bound to plasma proteins (23%) [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Ciprofloxacin and Fleroxacin in Healthy Adult Nigerian Volunteers

Chukwuani

Coker²,

Oduola³

et al. 1998

Chemotherapy

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“…Fleroxacin, a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial, is unstable in injections when exposed to light (1,2), as are many other fluoroquinolone formulations (3,4). The fluorine atom at C-8 in the structure of fleroxacin makes it even more photolabile (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of Fleroxacin Injection: II. Kinetics and Toxicological Evaluation

Wang

2013

AAPS PharmSciTech

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Abstract. Photodegradation kinetics of fleroxacin were investigated in different injections. Five commercial formulations were analyzed before and after irradiation by determining residual volumes of fleroxacin with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and different decomposition functions and models were obtained. Concentration levels of fleroxacin in injections caused the differences in photodegradation kinetics instead of ingredients. Influences of different pH values and presence of NaCl on photodegradation of fleroxacin were observed. Low pH value decreased the efficacy of photolysis and enhanced photostability of fleroxacin injections. Tentative structure of a new degradation product afforded was proposed. An acute toxicity assay using the bioluminescent bacterium Q67 was performed for fleroxacin injections after exposure to light. The research proved that fleroxacin was more photolabile in dilute injection, and acute toxicity of dilute injection increased more rapidly than that of concentrated injection during irradiation.

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“…1. Like other fluoroquinolones, the mechanism of its strong activity against Gram-negative and some Grampositive strains is based on inhibition of bacterial enzyme DNA gyraze (1). Quinolone antibiotics were relatively stable to high temperature, humidity, and acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of Fleroxacin Injection: Different Products with Different Concentration Levels

Wang

et al. 2011

AAPS PharmSciTech

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Abstract. Photodegradation of fleroxacin is investigated in different injections and solutions. After UV irradiation, fleroxacin was degraded to afford two major products in large-volume injection (specification, 200 mg:100 ml), while degraded to afford another major product in small-volume injection (specification, 200 mg:2 ml). The photodegradation products were detected and isolated by reversed-phase HPLC. Based on the spectral data (FT-IR, MS n , TOF-MS, 1 H/ 13 C, DEPT, and 2D NMR), the structures of these products were: 8-fluoro-9-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-6-oxo-2,3-dihydro-6H-1-oxa-3a-aza-phenalene-5-carboxylic acid (impurity-I); 6-fluoro-1-(2-fluoro-ethyl)-7-(2-methylamino-ethylamino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (impurity-II); and 6,8-difluoro-1-(2-fluoro-ethyl)-7-(2-methylaminoethylamino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (impurity-III), respectively. Different photodegradation pathways of fleroxacin were proposed, which led to the different stability characteristics of fleroxacin in the injections. The fluorine atom at C8 is more photolabile in dilute injection, so defluorination and cyclization reactions are prone to take place, whereas photo irradiation only cause ring-opening oxidation reaction of piperazine side chain in concentrated injection.

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Fleroxacin: a review of its chemistry, microbiology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety

Cited by 26 publications

References 114 publications

Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Ciprofloxacin and Fleroxacin in Healthy Adult Nigerian Volunteers

Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Ciprofloxacin and Fleroxacin in Healthy Adult Nigerian Volunteers

Photodegradation of Fleroxacin Injection: II. Kinetics and Toxicological Evaluation

Photodegradation of Fleroxacin Injection: Different Products with Different Concentration Levels

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