Fledertiere und andere Reservoirwirte der Filoviridae. Epidemiegefahr am afrikanischen Kontinent? – Eine deduktive Literaturanalyse

Abstract

Ebola and Marburg virus, forming the Filoviridae family, cause hemorrhagic fever in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. These viral diseases are characterized by a sudden epidemic occurrence as well as a high lethality. Even though a reservoir host has not been approved yet, literature indicates the order of bats (Chiroptera) as a potential reservoir host. Significant references lead to a delineation of a hypothetical ecosystem of Filoviridae including Chiroptera. IgG-specific Ebola-Zaire antibodies were detected in Hammer-headed Bats (Hypsignathus monstrosus), Epauletted Fruit Bats (Epomops franqueti), and Little Collared Fruit Bats (Myonycteris torquata) during Ebola outbreaks between 2001 and 2005 in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. The discovery of IgG-specific-Marburg virus antibodies and virus-specific ribonucleic acid in Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) provided further indication for the exploration of the reservoir host. In 2007, the Marburg virus isolation could for the first time be accomplished directly from apparently healthy and naturally infected Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Kitaka Mine (Uganda). Risk groups can be defined through chronological reprocessing and interpretation of existing epidemic-outbreaks on the African continent and the search for infection reasons of the index cases. The following risk factors for an infection with Ebola or Marburg virus must be put into consideration: Contact with and consumption of wild animal carcasses, sightseeing in caves as well as work in mines. The focus of this review is the demonstration of risk profiles and their exposure to Chiroptera and other potential reservoir hosts.

Endogenous viruses: Connecting recent and ancient viral evolution

“…This information has greatly broadened our knowledge of viral host range, in particular when they are identified in lineages that are not known to harbour exogenous representatives. The host range of extant viruses has been extensively surveyed among humans, livestock and companion animals, and this knowledge has aided the development of viral control and prevention strategies (Calisher et al, 2006;Chantrey et al, 1999;Daniels et al, 2007;Laminger and Prinz, 2010). Nevertheless, this information pertains largely to extant viral lineages that have survived to be sampled.…”

Mapping the zoonotic niche of Marburg virus disease in Africa

“…All routes have been confirmed or are suspected to occur apart from transmission between bats and primates, which remains unknown. Adapted from Laminger and Prinz and Groseth et al 15 , 16 …”

AS CEPAS DE FILOVIRUS, O MEIO AMBIENTE E OS MORCEGOS DENTRO E FORA DA AFRICA.(Filovirus strains, the environment conditions and the Bats in and out of Africa).

“…Peterson et al (2006) described the geographic potential for Filovirus outbreaks, using an ecologic niche modeling. The survey of more than 1000 animals species as possible reservoirs of the virus pointed of to the bats especially the fruit bats, Megabats as natural reservoir of Filovirus (SWANEPOEL et al, 2007 ;TOWNER et al, 2009 ;LAMINGER;PRINZ, 2010;LEROY et al, 2005;TANIGUCHI et al, 2011 ;OLIVAL et al, 1013;HE et al, 2015). Gonzales et al…”