Flea infestation in a Nigerian local chicken:

Biolocalisation of ectoparasites on village hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) Linne 1758 in Ngaoundere town, Cameroon

“…Such infections can lead to reduced egg production, feed efficiency and weight (Arends, 2003) [33] . In young birds, large numbers of embedded fleas can cause anemia, exsanguination and death, thereby leading to economic losses for farmers (Agboola et al, 2007) [34] .…”

“…The increase in population is accompanied by a decrease in arable land and change in eating habits, which imposes a high demand for protein resources (Van Huis et al, 2015) [1] . FAO indicates that global food production will need to increase by 70% to feed the world by 2050.…”