Flavylium Polymethine Fluorophores for Near‐ and Shortwave Infrared Imaging

Cosco, Emily D.; Caram, Justin R.; Bruns, Oliver T.; Franke, Daniel; Day, Rachael A.; Farr, Erik P; Bawendi, Moungi G.; Sletten, Ellen M.

doi:10.1002/ange.201706974

Cited by 77 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Increasing the quantum yield, functionality, and biocompatibility of SWIR fluorophores is an active focus of emerging research studies (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green

Carr

Franke

Caram

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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566

569

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Fluorescence imaging is a method of real-time molecular tracking in vivo that has enabled many clinical technologies. Imaging in the shortwave IR (SWIR; 1,000–2,000 nm) promises higher contrast, sensitivity, and penetration depths compared with conventional visible and near-IR (NIR) fluorescence imaging. However, adoption of SWIR imaging in clinical settings has been limited, partially due to the absence of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved fluorophores with peak emission in the SWIR. Here, we show that commercially available NIR dyes, including the FDA-approved contrast agent indocyanine green (ICG), exhibit optical properties suitable for in vivo SWIR fluorescence imaging. Even though their emission spectra peak in the NIR, these dyes outperform commercial SWIR fluorophores and can be imaged in the SWIR, even beyond 1,500 nm. We show real-time fluorescence imaging using ICG at clinically relevant doses, including intravital microscopy, noninvasive imaging in blood and lymph vessels, and imaging of hepatobiliary clearance, and show increased contrast compared with NIR fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, we show tumor-targeted SWIR imaging with IRDye 800CW-labeled trastuzumab, an NIR dye being tested in multiple clinical trials. Our findings suggest that high-contrast SWIR fluorescence imaging can be implemented alongside existing imaging modalities by switching the detection of conventional NIR fluorescence systems from silicon-based NIR cameras to emerging indium gallium arsenide-based SWIR cameras. Using ICG in particular opens the possibility of translating SWIR fluorescence imaging to human clinical applications. Indeed, our findings suggest that emerging SWIR-fluorescent in vivo contrast agents should be benchmarked against the SWIR emission of ICG in blood.

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green

Carr

Franke

Caram

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

566

569

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show abstract

“…With recent progress in InGaAs fabrication, the cost of SWIR cameras has steadily declined, while camera sensitivity and resolution have increased. Moreover, a wide variety of biologically compatible SWIR emitters have emerged, including organic dyes with peak emission in the SWIR (7)(8)(9)(10), carbon nanotubes (11,12), quantum dots (13)(14)(15), rare-earth−doped nanocomposites (16), and gold nanoparticles (17). More recently, it was also shown that NIR dyes, which are commercially available and approved for clinical use, can be used for many SWIR imaging applications (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption by water increases fluorescence image contrast of biological tissue in the shortwave infrared

Carr

Aellen

Franke

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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112

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Recent technology developments have expanded the wavelength window for biological fluorescence imaging into the shortwave infrared. We show here a mechanistic understanding of how drastic changes in fluorescence imaging contrast can arise from slight changes of imaging wavelength in the shortwave infrared. We demonstrate, in 3D tissue phantoms and in vivo in mice, that light absorption by water within biological tissue increases image contrast due to attenuation of background and highly scattered light. Wavelengths of strong tissue absorption have conventionally been avoided in fluorescence imaging to maximize photon penetration depth and photon collection, yet we demonstrate that imaging at the peak absorbance of water (near 1,450 nm) results in the highest image contrast in the shortwave infrared. Furthermore, we show, through microscopy of highly labeled ex vivo biological tissue, that the contrast improvement from water absorption enables resolution of deeper structures, resulting in a higher imaging penetration depth. We then illustrate these findings in a theoretical model. Our results suggest that the wavelength-dependent absorptivity of water is the dominant optical property contributing to image contrast, and is therefore crucial for determining the optimal imaging window in the infrared.

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“…It is obvious that the catalogue of tested organic NIR sensitizers for upconverters is very limited. Other candidate dyes with absorptions abovẽ 750 nm are croconic dyes, organic metal complexes, donor-acceptor charge transfer chromophores or extended π-conjugated chromophores, but it should be mentioned that some of these dyes are difficult to synthesize, have poor solubility, or low molar absorptivity [65][66][67][68][69][70]. An interesting class of NIR dyes for further investigation is cyanines.…”

Section: Challenges and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances with optical upconverters made from all-organic and hybrid materials

Hany

Cremona

Strassel

2019

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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The growing interest in near-infrared (NIR) imaging is explained by the increasing number of applications in this spectral range, which includes process monitoring and medical imaging. NIR-to-visible optical upconverters made by integrating a NIR photosensitive unit with a visible emitting unit convert incident NIR light to visible light, allowing imaging of a NIR scene directly with the naked eye. Optical upconverters made entirely from organic and hybrid materialswhich include colloidal quantum dots, and metal-halide perovskitesenable low-cost and pixel-free NIR imaging. These devices have emerged as a promising addition to current NIR imagers based on inorganic semiconductor photodiode arrays interconnected with read-out integrated circuitry. Here, we review the recent progress in the field of optical upconverters made from organic and hybrid materials, explain their functionality and characterization, and identify open challenges and opportunities.

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Flavylium Polymethine Fluorophores for Near‐ and Shortwave Infrared Imaging

Cited by 77 publications

References 34 publications

Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green

Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green

Absorption by water increases fluorescence image contrast of biological tissue in the shortwave infrared

Recent advances with optical upconverters made from all-organic and hybrid materials

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