Flavour-enhanced cortisol release during gum chewing

Hirabayashi, Yoko; Tachibana, Yoshihisa; Ono, Takahiro; Kishimoto, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173475

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Chewing was thought to affect stress modification in humans; two studies suggested that the neural mechanism by which chewing gum reduces stress involves the prefrontal cortex, which then affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system activity [ 6 ]. Besides, chewing was tightly linked to hedonic (emotional) systems in the brain [ 7 ]. Chewing gum was not identified as anxiety and stress management intervention in guidelines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Chewing Gum on Reducing Anxiety and Stress: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Luo

Xia

Zhang

2022

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

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There was currently no consensus on whether chewing gum should be widely instituted as a means to help reduce anxiety and stress. Chewing gum was also not included in guidelines for alleviating anxiety and stress. The purpose of this study was of two aspects: (1) to review the research progress of the relationship between gum chewing and anxiety and stress in recent years and (2) to make a meta-analysis of the effects of mastication on anxiety and stress. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies extracted from PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of chewing gum on anxiety, and stress was evaluated through screening, inclusion, data extraction, and quality assessment. The meta-analysis we performed was using Review Manager 5.3 software. We included a total of 8 RCTs, involving more than 400 adults over 18 years old. Compared with no chewing gum, chewing gum resulted in anxiety (MD = −0.26, 95% CI (−0.48, −0.04), p = 0.02 , I2 = 11%), where the heterogeneity was low and statistically significant. While in stress (MD = −0.27, 95% CI (−0.79, −0.25), p = 0.31 , I2 = 48%), the heterogeneity was high, and there was of no statistical significance. Based on current evidence, chewing gum is an inexpensive, well-tolerated, safe, and effective way to relieve anxiety and stress. To confirm the conclusion, we still need to conduct more randomized trials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Chewing Gum on Reducing Anxiety and Stress: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Luo

Xia

Zhang

2022

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

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“…For this purpose, various physiological reactions evoked by taste stimuli depending on the quality and/or hedonic tone have been more or less used for the objective evaluation of food and beverage hedonics (e.g., positive vs. negative; palatable vs. aversive; pleasant vs. unpleasant; acceptable vs. rejective). For example, taste effects can be observed in autonomic nerve activity such as salivary secretion [5,6], heart rate [7,8], and facial blood flow [9,10], hormonal changes such as insulin [11] and cortisol secretion [12], motor reactions such as facial expressions [13][14][15][16][17] and bodily reactivity [17], and brain activity [18][19][20][21]. A recent study from our lab revealed that pleasant and unpleasant edibles tended to elicit decreased and increased oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) levels, respectively, within the ventral part of the anterior prefrontal cortex, suggesting that monitoring of oxyHb in this region may prove useful for the objective evaluation of food and beverage hedonics [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of facial expressions in response to basic taste stimuli using artificial intelligence to predict perceived hedonic ratings

2021

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Taste stimuli can induce a variety of physiological reactions depending on the quality and/or hedonics (overall pleasure) of tastants, for which objective methods have long been desired. In this study, we used artificial intelligence (AI) technology to analyze facial expressions with the aim of assessing its utility as an objective method for the evaluation of food and beverage hedonics compared with conventional subjective (perceived) evaluation methods. The face of each participant (10 females; age range, 21–22 years) was photographed using a smartphone camera a few seconds after drinking 10 different solutions containing five basic tastes with different hedonic tones. Each image was then uploaded to an AI application to achieve outcomes for eight emotions (surprise, happiness, fear, neutral, disgust, sadness, anger, and embarrassment), with scores ranging from 0 to 100. For perceived evaluations, each participant also rated the hedonics of each solution from –10 (extremely unpleasant) to +10 (extremely pleasant). Based on these, we then conducted a multiple linear regression analysis to obtain a formula to predict perceived hedonic ratings. The applicability of the formula was examined by combining the emotion scores with another 11 taste solutions obtained from another 12 participants of both genders (age range, 22–59 years). The predicted hedonic ratings showed good correlation and concordance with the perceived ratings. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a model that enables the prediction of hedonic ratings based on emotional facial expressions to food and beverage stimuli.

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“…These findings may not necessarily be fully transferable to humans, since all of these studies were conducted in animals (11). In a human study, Hasegawa et al (21) showed the gum mastication increased the saliva secretion. In the present study, we investigated the effect of substance hardness on the saltiness threshold, then showed that chewing hard Gumi reduced the saltiness threshold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mastication of Hard Gumi Decreases the Gustatory Threshold for Sodium Chloride

Santa

Miyamoto

Hosono

et al. 2020

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of hypertensive diseases and the various diseases associated with them. A major cause of these is excessive salt intake. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether chewing hard foods lowers the saltiness threshold. Fifteen subjects (fourteen women and one man) participated in the present study. Two types of gummies are available as ingredients: hard and soft gummies. The saltiness thresholds before and after chewing of each gummi were studied using 11 different NaCl solutions. Then, points of subjective equality (PSEs) were calculated to detect changes in the saltiness for each subject. In the soft Gumi condition, there was no significant difference in PSE for the saltiness between before and after ingesting Gumi (p. 0.05), while in the hard Gumi condition, the PSE for the saltiness significantly decreased after ingesting Gumi compared with the value of before ingesting Gumi (p5 0.001). From these results, we concluded that sensitivity to saltiness would increase after mastication of hard foods such as hard Gumi.

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Flavour-enhanced cortisol release during gum chewing

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

The Effects of Chewing Gum on Reducing Anxiety and Stress: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The Effects of Chewing Gum on Reducing Anxiety and Stress: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Analysis of facial expressions in response to basic taste stimuli using artificial intelligence to predict perceived hedonic ratings

Mastication of Hard Gumi Decreases the Gustatory Threshold for Sodium Chloride

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