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PrefacePeter graduated master of physics first class with honours in .Turning down the offer of undertaking a research degree with Manchester's Condensed Matter Group, Peter chose to continue his post-graduate studies under the supervision of Prof. Apostolos Pilaftsis. The project that they were set to tackle would turn out to touch base with each of Peter's seemingly-fickle interests: astrophysics, cosmology, thermodynamics, condensed matter physics and theoretical particle physics. This project was the application of thermal quantum field theory to the evolution of systems out of thermodynamic equilibrium.