Flavor identification inversely correlates with body mass index (BMI)

Nettore, Immacolata Cristina; Maione, Luigi; Palatucci, Giuseppe; Dolce, Pasquale; Franchini, Fabiana; Ungaro, Paola; Belfiore, Anna; Colao, Annamaria; Macchia, Paolo Emidio

doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.04.005

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Two cross‐sectional studies reported a higher OD risk for morbidly obese patients 1050,1051 . Five interventional studies showed that OF improved significantly after bariatric surgery 1052–1057 .…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

Patel

Holbrook

Turner

et al. 2022

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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Background:The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). Methods: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. Results:The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. Conclusion:This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.

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Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1049 Two cross-sectional studies reported a higher OD risk for morbidly obese patients. 1050,1051 Five interventional studies showed that OF improved significantly after bariatric surgery. [1052][1053][1054][1055][1056][1057] Two studies showed no effect of bariatric surgery on OF.…”

Section: N Related To Extremely High or Low Body Mass Index (Bmi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

Patel

Holbrook

Turner

et al. 2022

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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“…After each candy, subjects must rinse their mouth with water. The maximal attainable test score is 21 for the applied 21-item version of the Candy Smell Test also known as 'Flavor Test' (Nettore et al, 2020). A total of 21 aromatics (including one blank, water) are administered.…”

Section: Clinical Olfactory Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The author found that both orthonasal and retronasal olfactory abilities declined with higher BMI and suggested the need of further studies using established retronasal tests. A similar study by (Nettore et al, 2020), investigated retronasal olfaction using the Flavor test, a series of 20 aromatic extracts, in 420 subjects belonging to different BMI classes (276 females and 144 males, >18 years old; BMI 25.9 to 43.7). In those subjects, higher BMI inversely correlated with Flavor Score (FS): individuals with obesity had lower FS when compared to normal weight or overweight subjects.…”

Section: Relation Between Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfaction And The Bmimentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction in the context of obesity and diabetes: Insights from animal models to humans

et al. 2022

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

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“…Recently, our group has developed and validated a chemosensory test (namely, flavor test) to assess retro-nasal olfactory performance [ 29 ]. We have demonstrated that retro-nasal olfactory recognition in normal subjects is influenced by age and sex [ 30 ] and inversely correlates with Body Mass Index (BMI) [ 31 ]. Furthermore, patients with endocrine [ 29 ] and neurological diseases [ 32 ] had also a reduced flavor score.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative but not qualitative flavor recognition impairments in COVID-19 patients

et al. 2021

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Background Smell and taste dysfunctions (STDs) are symptoms associated with COVID-19 syndrome, even if their incidence is still uncertain and variable. Aims In this study, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on chemosensory function have been investigated using both a self-reporting questionnaire on smell and flavor perception, and a simplified flavor test. Methods A total of 111 subjects (19 hospitalized [HOS] and 37 home-isolated [HI] COVID-19 patients, and 55 healthy controls [CTRL]) were enrolled in the study. They received a self-evaluation questionnaire and a self-administered flavor test kit. The flavor test used consists in the self-administration of four solutions with a pure olfactory stimulus (coffee), a mixed olfactory-trigeminal stimulus (peppermint), and a complex chemical mixture (banana). Results After SARS-CoV-2 infection, HOS and HI patients reported similar prevalence of STDs, with a significant reduction of both smell and flavor self-estimated perception. The aromas of the flavor test were recognized by HI and HOS COVID-19 patients similarly to CTRL; however, the intensity of the perceived aromas was significantly lower in patients compared to controls. Conclusion Data reported here suggests that a chemosensory impairment is present after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the modified “flavor test” could be a novel self-administering objective screening test to assess STDs in COVID-19 patients. Clinical trial registration no. NCT04840966; April 12, 2021, retrospectively registered

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Flavor identification inversely correlates with body mass index (BMI)

Cited by 9 publications

References 46 publications

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

Olfaction in the context of obesity and diabetes: Insights from animal models to humans

Quantitative but not qualitative flavor recognition impairments in COVID-19 patients

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