Flavor Aversion Learning

Bernstein, Ilene L.

doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00097-9

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Prevalence estimates are somewhat varied, but it appears that between 54 and 85% of expectant women report dislike of at least one specific food, 60–80% feel nausea, and around 55% experience vomiting ( Tierson et al, 1985 ; Bayley et al, 2002 ). Pregnant women tend to identify a connection between food aversions and nausea and vomiting ( Schwab and Axelson, 1984 ; Finley et al, 1985 ), a link that appears contingent on principles of classical conditioning ( Bernstein, 1991 ), suggesting that a learned taste aversion may be a possible mechanism underlying the development of specific food avoidances in pregnancy ( Bayley et al, 2002 ). In Pavlovian terms, the avoided food acts as the conditioned stimulus, while the nausea and/or vomiting acts as the unconditioned stimulus.…”

Section: Hypothesis 3: Craving Is Due To Pharmacologically Active Ingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research

Orloff

Hormes

2014

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Women in the United States experience an increase in food cravings at two specific times during their life, (1) perimenstrually and (2) prenatally. The prevalence of excess gestational weight gain (GWG) is a growing concern due to its association with adverse health outcomes in both mothers and children. To the extent that prenatal food cravings may be a determinant of energy intake in pregnancy, a better understanding of craving etiology could be crucial in addressing the issue of excessive GWG. This paper reviews the available literature to corroborate and/or dispute some of the most commonly accepted hypotheses regarding the causes of food cravings during pregnancy, including a role of (1) hormonal changes, (2) nutritional deficits, (3) pharmacologically active ingredients in the desired foods, and (4) cultural and psychosocial factors. An existing model of perimenstrual chocolate craving etiology serves to structure the discussion of these hypotheses. The main hypotheses discussed receive little support, with the notable exception of a postulated role of cultural and psychosocial factors. The presence of cravings during pregnancy is a common phenomenon across different cultures, but the types of foods desired and the adverse impact of cravings on health may be culture-specific. Various psychosocial factors appear to correlate with excess GWG, including the presence of restrained eating. Findings strongly suggest that more research be conducted in this area. We propose that future investigations fall into one of the four following categories: (1) validation of food craving and eating-related measures specifically in pregnant populations, (2) use of ecological momentary assessment to obtain real time data on cravings during pregnancy, (3) implementation of longitudinal studies to address causality between eating disorder symptoms, food cravings, and GWG, and (4) development of interventions to ensure proper prenatal nutrition and prevent excess GWG.

show abstract

Section: Hypothesis 3: Craving Is Due To Pharmacologically Active Ingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research

Orloff

Hormes

2014

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We also observed that rats exhibited an aversive behavior toward the taste cue. Most studies about the TPOA phenomenon have used benzaldehyde as the odor cue (Palmerino et al 1980;Bernstein 1991;Batsell Jr. and Batson 1999). Thus according to the present data, TPOA can be elicited by various odor cues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Moreover, olfactory learning permits a previously neutral cue to acquire significance after having been paired with a biologically relevant reinforcement. Rats can acquire weak aversion when an odor is paired with delayed-illness (Bernstein 1991). In contrast, when an odor is simultaneously presented with a taste cue, rats can develop strong aversion to the odor cue.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a conditioning has been referred to as tastepotentiated odor aversion (TPOA) learning (Palmerino et al 1980). Thus, taste-mediated potentiation allows odor to gain associative strength and the animals to avoid consumption of poisonous substance on the basis of its odor only (Bernstein 1991). TPOA learning is an attractive model for studying odor memory because of its robustness, rapid acquisition, and adaptive feature (Welzl et al 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fos and Egr1 expression in the rat brain in response to olfactory cue after taste-potentiated odor aversion retrieval

Dardou¹,

Datiche²,

Cattarelli³

2006

Learn. Mem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When an odor is paired with a delayed illness, rats acquire a relatively weak odor aversion. In contrast, rats develop a strong aversion to an olfactory cue paired with delayed illness if it is presented simultaneously with a gustatory cue. Such a conditioning effect has been referred to as taste-potentiated odor aversion learning (TPOA). TPOA is an interesting model for studying neural mechanisms of plasticity because of its robustness and rapid acquisition. However, the neural substrate involved in TPOA retrieval has not been well characterized. To address this question, we used immunocytochemical detection of inducible transcription factors encoded by the immediate-early genes Fos and Egr1. Thirsty male rats were conditioned to TPOA learning, and they were submitted to retrieval in the presence of the learned odor 3 d later. Significant increases in both Fos and Egr1 expressions were observed in basolateral amygdala, insular cortex, and hippocampus in aversive rats in comparison with the all the control groups. The pattern of neuronal activity seemed unlikely to be related to the sole LiCl injection. Lastly, opposite patterns of Fos and Egr1 were noted in the entorhinal cortex and the central nucleus of amygdala, suggesting a differential involvement of these markers in retrieval of TPOA.Odors are critical cues for rodents since odors give the rodents information about their environment. Odors allow the rodents to escape from predators, to find food, or to avoid consumption of toxic products. Memorization of such information is crucial for animal survival. Moreover, olfactory learning permits a previously neutral cue to acquire significance after having been paired with a biologically relevant reinforcement. Rats can acquire weak aversion when an odor is paired with delayed-illness (Bernstein 1991). In contrast, when an odor is simultaneously presented with a taste cue, rats can develop strong aversion to the odor cue. Such a conditioning has been referred to as tastepotentiated odor aversion (TPOA) learning (Palmerino et al. 1980). Thus, taste-mediated potentiation allows odor to gain associative strength and the animals to avoid consumption of poisonous substance on the basis of its odor only (Bernstein 1991). TPOA learning is an attractive model for studying odor memory because of its robustness, rapid acquisition, and adaptive feature (Welzl et al. 2001).Most of the data regarding the brain areas that could mediate TPOA learning are provided by either lesion or pharmalogical experiments. Various brains areas involved in olfactory, gustatory, and visceral pain processing could play a role in TPOA learning. Several studies (Bermùdez-Rattoni et al. 1986;Hatfield et al. 1992;Ferry et al. 1995) indicate that the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) could play a major role in the acquisition but not in the retrieval of TPOA. In addition, the BLA is known for its involvement in learning the biological significance of events and could modulate memory storage of emotional events (McGaugh 2002). In contrast, the l...

show abstract

Flavor Aversion Learning

Cited by 2 publications

References 50 publications

Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research

Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research

Fos and Egr1 expression in the rat brain in response to olfactory cue after taste-potentiated odor aversion retrieval

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About