Flavonoids and saponins fromPassiflora edulisf.edulisleaves (purple passion fruit) and its potential anti-inflammatory activity

Abstract

Objectives The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract, fractions and major compounds, which are isolated and identified from Passiflora edulis f. edulis (purple passion fruit) leaves extract. Methods For the isolation of the major compounds, reversed-phase chromatography and normal phase countercurrent chromatography were used. The separation was followed by thin layer chromatography and HPLC-DAD-ELSD. One-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR and ESI-TOF-MS/MS were used for structural elucidation. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on a TPA multiple dose model of skin chronic inflammation in mice. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity assays were performed as possible mechanisms of action studies. Key findings and conclusions The study of the butanolic fraction mainly showed the presence of saponins and flavonoids. Three minor flavonoids were detected; and three known saponins, cyclopassiflosides IX, XI and III were isolated and identified. This is the first unequivocal report of the presence of these compounds in P. edulis f. edulis leaves. The most favourable results of anti-inflammatory activity were obtained for the flavonoid-rich fraction. All the fractions and isolated compounds evaluated, presented high percentages of inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity.

Effects of Different Fermentation Methods on the Quality and Microbial Diversity of Passion Fruit Wine

“…It is indigenous to Mexico, the southwestern United States (Arizona and southern Texas), the Caribbean and Central America [2], and it is widely planted in Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi and other places in China, of which Guangxi is the largest passion fruit planting base [3,4]. Passion fruit is considered an important source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds [5], vitamins [5], carotenoids [5], cellulose [5], anthocyanins [5], active amines [6] and pectin [7], which have high food value and high anti-inflammatory [8], cardiovascular protection [9] and blood pressure treatment [10] effects. Passion fruit is widely planted in China and contains more than 60 kinds of aroma components, such as esters, and is often processed into juice products [11].…”

Constituent Characteristics and Functional Properties of Passion Fruit Seed Extract

“…The extract of the edible portion reportedly has protective effects against alcoholic liver disease [13]. Moreover, leaf extract has shown a variety of physiological functions, such as being anti-inflammatory [14]; providing intestine protection [15]; and having wound healing [16], antiplatelet [17], and antidepressant effects [18]. It has also been evaluated in animal studies for its safety when administered [19].…”