Flavonoids and evolution in the dicotyledons

Giannasi, David E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2913-6_14

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…In this chapter we will look at the use of flavonoids as indicators of relationships among Asteraceae and other families. This topic has been addressed within the context of larger flavonoid surveys of the angiosperms (Gornall et aI., 1979) and the dicots (Giannasi, 1988(Giannasi, , 2000. The treatment by Giannasi (1988) included a short, insightful, and information-rich summary of flavonoid profiles of Asteridae and their evolutionary implications.…”

Section: Zinnia Subg Diplothrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This topic has been addressed within the context of larger flavonoid surveys of the angiosperms (Gornall et aI., 1979) and the dicots (Giannasi, 1988(Giannasi, , 2000. The treatment by Giannasi (1988) included a short, insightful, and information-rich summary of flavonoid profiles of Asteridae and their evolutionary implications. Data accumulated since that time do not materially alter the generalizations presented by him.…”

Section: Zinnia Subg Diplothrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

Bohm

Stuessy

2001

119

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This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. This book is dedicated to:Arthur Cronquist Outstanding plant systematist and major contributor to understanding taxonomic relationships within Asteraceae and Ralph E. Alston (1925Alston ( -1967) Visionary natural products chemist and geneticist who pioneered the use of chemical data in studies of plant systematics and evolution PrefaceCertainly many of the readers of this book will remember the early developments of chemosystematics in the late 1950s. We ourselves remember the excitement of these new data bearing on plant interrelationships. The hopes were high, the techniques were rapidly evolving, the quantities of data were large, and young workers were eagerly enthusiastic. Some even went so far as to predict that chemical data would soon replace morphological information as the basis for plant classification. These overly zealous predictions did not materialize, of course, as the history of plant systematics has amply shown during the past two centuries. If there is any distinct characteristic of systematics it is synthesis, as Lincoln Constance (1964) called it, the "unending synthesis." New tools generate new data and provide insights on additional dimensions of plant relationships. This will never change-we will continue to discover new tools and new data in the years ahead, and they will continue to be incorporated into the predictive general reference system of classification.The earlier efforts in chemosystematics focused on secondary plant products: alkaloids, betacyanins, carbohydrates, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, lipids, terpenoids, and especialiy flavonoids. The latter were particularly well suited for chemosystematic investigation for several reasons: ease of isolation and characterization, small amounts of plant material needed for analysis, stability of compounds especially through routine preparation of herbarium specimens, and low cost to obtain useful information. As a result of these considerable advantages, literally thousands of studies on use of flavonoids in plant systematics have been published. Although now with the present zest for macromolecular data from DNA restriction sites and sequences, there are fewer workers and laboratories dedicated to flavonoid chemosystematic studies; twenty years ago they were the new currency of exciting data in plant systematics.Because of many workers historically interested in the sunflower family, Asteraceae (or Compositae), in part due to its large size (approximately 23,000 species;Bremer, 1994), and because hundreds of flavonoid compounds were discovered in this family, many chemosystematic investigations have been completed on various taxa. Many studies came from the laboratories of R. A. Alston, B. L. Turner, and T. J. Mabry in the Department of Botany ...

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Section: Zinnia Subg Diplothrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zinnia Subg Diplothrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

Bohm

Stuessy

2001

119

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“…Naudin (1849), Gardner (1843Gardner ( , 1844, and Moricand (1847) collectively proposed another five new species of Lavoisiera. None of these is currently recognized because they were illegitimate when published, subsequently synonymized with congeners, or transferred to related genera.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Monograph of the Brazilian endemic genus Lavoisiera (Melastomataceae: Microlicieae)

Martins

Almeda

2017

Phytotaxa

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A systematic monograph is presented for Lavoisiera, a Brazilian endemic genus of 41 species that is centered in the campo rupestre ecoregion in the Brazilian Planalto south of the Amazon basin, mostly west of the Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Rainforest), and east of the Pantanal. The stronghold for species diversity is the state of Minas Gerais with 36 species, 30 of which are endemic there. This study represents the first comprehensive monograph of the genus based on field work across its distributional range, complemented by examination of over 3620 specimens from 35 herbaria. An evaluation of taxonomic characters used in the long-standing sectional classification of the genus has led to its abandonment because it is based on artificial characters and does not provide a sound working hypothesis of infrageneric relationships. Eight new species are described: L. arachnoidea, L. belinelloi, L. canastrensis, L. daviesiana, L. minima, L. rundeliana, L. setosa, and L. vestita; lectotypifications are provided for L. caryophyllea, L. chamaepitys, L. glandulifera, L. pulchella, and L. senae; and 44 epithets are relegated to synonymy. An identification key, full synonymy, descriptions, habitat and phenological information, distribution maps, diagnostic illustrations, images of representative species in the field, and geospatial conservation assessments are provided for all species based on IUCN criteria. SEM images of seed morphology are presented for nearly half of the species along with camera lucida drawings of meiotic chromosome figures for selected species, and an index to numbered collections examined.Key words: campo rupestre, Cerrado biome, conservation, endemism, Myrtales, neotropics ResumoApresentamos uma monografia sistemática para Lavoisiera, um gênero brasileiro endêmico com 41 espécies, cuja ocorrência é centrada na ecorregião de campo rupestre no Planalto Brasileiro, ao sul da Bacia Amazônica, principalmente a oeste da Mata Atlântica, e a leste do Pantanal. O principal reduto da diversidade de espécies do gênero é o estado de Minas Gerais, com 36 espécies, 30 das quais são ali endêmicas. Este estudo representa a primeira monografia abrangente do gênero baseada em trabalho de campo, cobrindo toda a extensão de sua área de distribuição, e complementado pelo exame de mais de 3620 espécimes de 35 herbários. Uma avaliação dos caracteres taxonômicos tradicionalmente utilizados na classificação seccional do gênero nos levou ao abandono da mesma, por ser baseada em caracteres artificiais e não fornecer uma hipótese operacional sólida sobre as relações infragenéricas. Oito novas espécies são descritas:vestita; lectotipificações são apresentadas para L. caryrophyllea, L. chamaepitys, L. pulchella e L. senae; e 44 epítetos são reduzidos à sinonímia. Uma chave de identificação, sinonímia completa, descrições, habitat, informações• Phytotaxa 315 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press fenológicas, mapas de distribuição, ilustrações diagnósticas, imagens de espécies representativas no campo, e análises geoespaciais de conservaçã...

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“…First, polyketide reductase coacting with chalcone synthase removes the oxygen atom originating from the carbonyl of one of the precursor acetyl-CoAs to produce 2Ј,4,4Ј-trihydroxychalcone (isoliquiritigenin; abbreviated as 6Ј-deoxychalcone for simplicity; Tropf et al, 1995;Akashi et al, 1996), and then chalcone isomerase (CHI) isomerizes 6Ј-deoxychalcone into 7,4Ј-dihydroxyflavanone (liquiritigenin; abbreviated as 5-deoxyflavanone), from which 5-deoxyflavonoid subclasses, mainly isoflavone and flavone derivatives, are produced. Although 6Ј-deoxychalcones are distributed in a few nonleguminous plant families (Rieseberg et al, 1987), the subsequent 5-deoxyflavonoid pathway, starting with the isomerization of 6Ј-deoxychalcone, is highly limited to leguminous plants (Giannasi, 1988). Therefore, CHIs of leguminous plants should be important in the production of family-specific ecophysiologically active flavonoids.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Cluster of Genes Encodes the Two Types of Chalcone Isomerase Involved in the Biosynthesis of General Flavonoids and Legume-Specific 5-Deoxy(iso)flavonoids in Lotus japonicus

et al. 2003

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Leguminous plants produce 5-deoxyflavonoids and 5-deoxyisoflavonoids that play essential roles in legume-microbe interactions. Together with chalcone polyketide reductase and cytochrome P450 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase, the chalcone isomerase (CHI) of leguminous plants is fundamental in the construction of these ecophysiologically active flavonoids. Although CHIs of nonleguminous plants isomerize only 6Ј-hydroxychalcone to 5-hydroxyflavanone (CHIs with this function are referred to as type I), leguminous CHIs convert both 6Ј-deoxychalcone and 6Ј-hydroxychalcone to 5-deoxyflavanone and 5-hydroxyflavanone, respectively (referred to as type II). In this study, we isolated multiple CHI cDNAs (cCHI1-cCHI3) from a model legume, Lotus japonicus. In contrast to previous observations, the amino acid sequence of CHI2 was highly homologous to nonleguminous CHIs, whereas CHI1 and CHI3 were the conventional leguminous type. Furthermore, genome sequence analysis revealed that four CHI genes (CHI1-3 and a putative gene, CHI4) form a tandem cluster within 15 kb. Biochemical analysis with recombinant CHIs expressed in Escherichia coli confirmed that CHI1 and CHI3 are type II CHIs and that CHI2 is a type I CHI. The occurrence of both types of CHIs is probably common in leguminous plants, and it was suggested that type II CHIs evolved from an ancestral CHI by gene duplication and began to produce 5-deoxy(iso)flavonoids along with the establishment of the Fabaceae.

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Flavonoids and evolution in the dicotyledons

Cited by 26 publications

References 168 publications

Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

A Monograph of the Brazilian endemic genus Lavoisiera (Melastomataceae: Microlicieae)

A Cluster of Genes Encodes the Two Types of Chalcone Isomerase Involved in the Biosynthesis of General Flavonoids and Legume-Specific 5-Deoxy(iso)flavonoids in Lotus japonicus

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