Flavonoid Productivity Optimized for Green and Red Forms of Perilla frutescens via Environmental Control Technologies in Plant Factory

Abstract

Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) is a dietary staple in Asia. It is an abundant source of avonoids that are bioactively bene cial to human health and tness. e current popularity of plant-based consumption is being driven by the healthful bene ts of bioactive nutrition, and the concentration of bioactive agents found in raw plant materials is an important factor in the assessment of food quality. To test the feasibility of promoting avonoid productivity in perilla plants via environmental treatment, plant factory technology was applied to perilla plant cultivation. Apigenin (AG) and luteolin (LT) are two of the most potent anticarcinogenic avonoids in perilla, and these are also found in many vegetables and fruits. Quantitative analysis of AG and LT was conducted on plants cultivated under nine environmental forms of treatment imposed by three levels of light intensity (100, 200, and 300 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) combined with three levels of nutrient-solution concentration (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 dS·m −1 ) for hydroculture. e contents of AG in green and red perilla plant were increased by high nutrient-solution levels under the same light intensity. In green perilla, the highest concentration of AG (8.50 µg·g −1 ) was obtained under treatment of the highest level of nutrient-solution (3.0 dS·m −1 ) and 200 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 of light intensity, whereas in red perilla, the highest concentration of AG (6.38 µg·g −1 ) was achieved from the highest levels of both of these forms of treatment (300 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 and 3.0 dS·m −1 ). e increase in AG content per plant between the lowest and the highest levels was recorded by 6.4-fold and 8.6-fold in green and red perilla, respectively. e behavior of LT concentration di ered between green and red forms of perilla. LT concentration in red perilla was enhanced under nutrient de ciency (1.0 dS·m −1 ) and a ected by light intensity. Di erent responses were observed in the accumulations of AG and LT in red and green perilla during treatments, and this phenomenon was discussed in terms of biosynthetic pathways that involve the expressions of phenylpropanoids and anthocyanins. e total yield of avonoids (AG and LT) was improved with the optimization of those forms of treatment, with the best total yields: 33.9 mg·plant −1 in green Perilla; 10.0 mg·plant −1 in red perilla, and a 4.9-fold and a 5.4-fold increase was recorded in green and red perilla, respectively. is study revealed that avone biosynthesis and accumulation in perilla plants could be optimized via environmental control technologies, and this approach could be applicable to leafy vegetables with bioactive nutrition to produce a stable industrial supply of high avonoid content.

Drying the leaves of Perilla frutescens increases their content of anticancer nutraceuticals

“…Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of AG and LT was conducted according to a method described in previous literature (Lu, Takagaki, Yamori, & Kagawa, ) with modifications. A LCMS‐2020 mass spectrometer (MS) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in negative mode was used for identification and quantification of AG, LT, 4HL, and 4CA by chromatographic data processed using LabSolutions software (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).…”

“…Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of AG and LT was conducted according to a method described in previous literature (Lu, Takagaki, Yamori, & Kagawa, 2018) [M−H] − of 4CA. The AG and LT standards were dissolved using a scant amount of THF followed by dilution with methanol, and the standards of 4HL and 4CA were dissolved in methanol to prepare the standard solutions before their use in identification and quantification.…”

Influence of fertilizer and salicylic acid treatments on growth, physiological, and antioxidant characteristics in green and red Perilla frutescens varieties

“…It is very important to maintain a balance between biomass yield and metabolic compound concentration to maximize economic benefits (Lu et al, 2018). SA is an effective stress-signaling molecule and elicitor, and its ability to increase the accumulation of secondary metabolites in cultured plant cells and tissues has been extensively studied (Sivanandhan et al, 2012).…”

Effects of temperatures on growth, physiological, and antioxidant characteristics in Houttuynia cordata

“…Variability in plant TP and TF could be associated with differences in growth conditions, genetic backgrounds, and methodological differences. Myriad environmental factors influence plant growth and directly impact biosynthetic pathways, thus affecting the secondary metabolism of bioactive compounds (Lu et al, 2018). Various temperature conditions during plant growth affect certain biosynthetic pathways leading to variabilities in individual secondary metabolites, and it is important to keep a balance between biomass yields and metabolic compound concentrations to maximize economic benefits (Lu et al, 2018).…”