Flavonoid Glycosides and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives in Baby Leaf Rapeseed From White and Yellow Flowering Cultivars With Repeated Harvest in a 2-Years Field Study

Abstract

Recently, new annual and biennial cultivars of rapeseed with white flowers have been introduced to the baby leaf market. The white flower trait has been bred into modern cultivars of yellow flowering rapeseed. In baby leaf production, it is common practice to perform several cuts of the same plants, thereby harvesting regrown material. Seven white and yellow flowering annual and biennial rapeseed cultivars were harvested as baby leaves, baby leaf re-growths, and intact plants in order to investigate the content of flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The field experiment was conducted over two consecutive years to obtain seasonal differences. The yields and levels of flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acids were higher in 2016 than 2017, due to higher temperatures and radiation. Within the growing stage, the effects of flower color, cultivar, and life cycle on flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acids varied; however, in general, life cycle was the main influence that resulted in elevated levels of flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acids in biennial cultivars, compared to annual cultivars. The effects of the growing stage differed between years, and were influenced by climatic conditions. In conclusion, the choice of life cycle (annual or biennial cultivars) and seasonal effects was of major influence, overruling the effect of developmental stage on the content of flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acids.

Metabolite Profiling of Sorghum Seeds of Different Colors from Different Sweet Sorghum Cultivars Using a Widely Targeted Metabolomics Approach

“…KEGG results showed that there were more differential metabolites in metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites ( Figure 5). Secondary metabolites are mainly related to changes in the color of flowers and seeds and have a great effect on resistance to external aggression [26][27][28], which is consistent with many previous reports [29,30]. Anthocyanins and flavonoids determine the color and taste of fruits.…”

Glucosinolate Content and Sensory Evaluation of Baby Leaf Rapeseed from Annual and Biennial White‐ and Yellow‐Flowering Cultivars with Repeated Harvesting in Two Seasons

“…The differences between years in terms of GLS content could be due to a relationship between plant yield and the fact that a dilution effect can occur, as the plants grow bigger . In our case, the yield was approximately twice as high in 2016 compared to 2017 (Groenbaek et al, 2019). This was supported by a negative linear relationship at stage I between yield and total GLS content with both years included (P = 0.0009, r 2 = 0.26).…”

“…The effect of repeated harvesting on the GLS content of baby leaf salad has only been investigated to a limited degree (Hall et al., ; Nitz & Schnitzler, ). White‐flowering rapeseed is a new salad crop, and only one study of growth and phytochemical content in the context of baby leaf production have been published to date (Groenbaek et al., ). Although we found differing effects of repeated harvesting, Hall et al.…”

Brassica incana Ten. (Brassicaceae): Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of the Leaf and Flowering Top Extracts

“…HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis showed that the extracts contain derivatives of the flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin, and of the hydroxycinnamic acids sinapic acid and ferulic acid, which are conjugated with sugar moieties or hydroxycinnamic acids. These types of compounds are very common in Brassica species [5,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. Both flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic esters have been reported to possess antioxidant activity [31,32].…”