Flavonoid Dimers as Bivalent Modulators for Pentamidine and Sodium StiboglucanateResistance in
            <i>Leishmania</i>

Wong, Iris L. K.; Chan, Kin‐Fai; Burkett, Brendan A.; Zhao, Yanyan; Chai, Yi; Sun, Hongzhe; Chan, Tak Hang; Chow, Larry M.C.

doi:10.1128/aac.00998-06

Cited by 47 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Recent studies have shown that larger flavonoid compounds that contain multiple chemical moieties, for example, dimers of single flavonoid structures or biflavonoids, show enhanced biological activities compared to their monomeric flavonoid counterparts (Zhang et al 2004;Wong et al 2007;Dhawan et al 2002). For example, the flavonoid taiwaniaflavone (Fig.…”

Section: Beneficial Roles Of Naturally Occurring Polyphenolic Compounmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biflavonoids as Potential Small Molecule Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease

Thapa

2015

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Flavonoids are naturally occurring phytochemicals found in a variety of fruits and vegetables and offer color, flavor, aroma, nutritional and health benefits. Flavonoids have been found to play a neuroprotective role by inhibiting and/or modifying the self-assembly of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into oligomers and fibrils, which are linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The neuroprotective efficacy of flavonoids has been found to strongly depend on their structure and functional groups. Flavonoids may exist in monomeric, as well as di-, tri-, tetra- or polymeric form through C-C or C-O-C linkages. It has been shown that flavonoids containing two or more units, e.g., biflavonoids, exert greater biological activity than their respective monoflavonoids. For instance, biflavonoids have the ability to distinctly alter Aβ aggregation and more effectively reduce the toxicity of Aβ oligomers compared to the monoflavonoid moieties. Although the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, flavonoids have been shown to alter the Aβ aggregation pathway to yield non-toxic, unstructured Aβ aggregates, as well as directly exerting a neuroprotective effect to cells. In this chapter, we review biflavonoid-mediated Aβ aggregation and toxicity, and highlight the beneficial roles biflavonoids can potentially play in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

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Section: Beneficial Roles Of Naturally Occurring Polyphenolic Compounmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biflavonoids as Potential Small Molecule Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease

Thapa

2015

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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“…have been reported, and some of these compounds showed high efficacy in killing amastigotes and promastigotes of various Leishmania spp. both in vivo and in vitro (103)(104)(105)(106)(107).…”

Section: Treatment: Chemotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Leishmaniasis in China: an Endemic Disease under Control

Lun¹,

Wu²,

Chen³

et al. 2015

Clin Microbiol Rev

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SUMMARYVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused byLeishmaniaspp. is an important vector-borne and largely zoonotic disease. In China, three epidemiological types of VL have been described: anthroponotic VL (AVL), mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-ZVL), and desert-type ZVL (DT-ZVL). These are transmitted by four different sand fly species:Phlebotomus chinensis,P. longiductus,P. wui, andP. alexandri.In 1951, a detailed survey of VL showed that it was rampant in the vast rural areas west, northwest, and north of the Yangtze River. Control programs were designed and implemented stringently by the government at all administrative levels, resulting in elimination of the disease from most areas of endemicity, except the western and northwestern regions. The control programs consisted of (i) diagnosis and chemotherapy of patients, (ii) identification, isolation, and disposal of infected dogs, and (iii) residual insecticide indoor spraying for vector control. The success of the control programs is attributable to massive and effective mobilization of the general public and health workers to the cause. Nationally, the annual incidence is now very low, i.e., only 0.03/100,000 according to the available 2011 official record. The overwhelming majority of cases are reported from sites of endemicity in the western and northwestern regions. Here, we describe in some depth and breadth the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease, with particular reference to the control programs. Pertinent information has been assembled from scattered literature of the past decades in different languages that are not readily accessible to the scientific community. The information provided constitutes an integral part of our knowledge on leishmaniasis in the global context and will be of special value to those interested in control programs.

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“…The untreated control group received 0.9% NaCl (n ϭ 5 mice). A total of eight injections, on days 16,20,24,28,32,36,40, and 44, were given. The experiment was completed on day 48.…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antipromastigote activity was determined according to procedures described previously (16), with the CellTiter 96 AQueous assay (Promega) employing a tetrazolium compound. Promastigotes were seeded into 96-well flat-bottomed microtiter plates at 1 ϫ 10 5 cells per well, in a final volume of 100 l medium, and were incubated with a series of concentrations of synthetic flavonoid dimers or known antileishmanial agents.…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have been a good source for discovering new antileishmanial agents (10)(11)(12). Previously, we demonstrated that synthetic flavonoid dimers can inhibit the pumping activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, resulting in increases in intracellular drug accumulation and thereby reversing drug resistance in both cancer and Leishmania (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Furthermore, some of the flavonoid dimers were found to have potent antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity toward Leishmania donovani, which causes a fatal visceral form of leishmaniasis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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