Flavonoid biosynthesis in white-flowered Sim carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Cloning and heterologous expression of cDNAs encoding flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Dianthus caryophyllus

“…This expression profile was similar to those of DFR and ANS genes in petals of cyanic carnation (Mato et al 2000). DicGT1 transcripts could not be detected in roots, stems or leaves (data not shown).…”

“…The primer pairs for amplification of cDNA fragments for semi-quantitative PCR were as follows; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) (Yoshimoto et al 2000), 5Ј-CTTCTACAAGGGTACTCCGGTATTCGT-3Ј and 5Ј-ACTGAAGCTCAGAACAGTAAGATGCC-3Ј; CHS (AF267173), 5Ј-GGAGAAATTTCGACGCATGTGCGA-T-3Ј and 5Ј-CAATCGAGCCCTTCACCTGTTGTG-3Ј; chalcone isomerase (CHI) (Itoh et al 2002), 5Ј-GGATGGAGATTGGAGGCAGATTC-3Ј and 5Ј-CATC-TTGTGGAATCGACTCGTGCT-3Ј; flavanone 3-b-hydroxylase (F3H) (X72592), 5Ј-GAACGTCCGAAAG-TGGCGTATAATG-3Ј and 5Ј-TTAGCAAGCCTCTTAT-GACGGGCGA-3Ј; dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) (Itoh et al 2002), 5Ј-CATTTGTAACAAAAAAAG-ATGGTTTC-3Ј and 5Ј-GGAAAACACAAATCTGAT-AACTAAGCAGA-3Ј; anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) (U82432), 5Ј-TGAGGATCCAGAGGTTCGAGCCA-AG-3Ј and 5Ј-CGGAAGACTTATGTTGAATATGT-3Ј; D. caryophyllus UDP-Glc: flavonoid glucosyltransferase (designated "DicGT1" as follows), 5Ј-AGCT-CCGGGGATCCACACAATGTCAGCAAATTCTAACT ACATGAACA-3Ј and 5Ј-ACTAGAGCGGCCGCAGT-TTAGTTAGAAGTGACGATCATGTCG-3Ј; DicGT2, 5Ј-A G C T C C G G G G AT C C A AT T C C TA G C C AT -TCCTCCAAAATTAC-3Ј and 5Ј-ACTAGAGCGGCCG-CATAAATGATGATGATTTATTGAAGAACATC-3Ј; DicGT3, 5Ј-AGCTCCGGGGATCCATCTTCTATTAAC-AATCAGAAACGATA-3Ј and 5Ј-ACTAGAGCGGCC-GCTACTATTATGAACTTGTGATTAGTTCA-3Ј; DicGT4, 5Ј-ATGGATATCATGAGAAAATCATACATA-TACACAAACAATA-3Ј and 5Ј-GACGGAGCTCTTTT-ATCAAACTATATTTTTGTACTAGGA-3Ј; DicGT5, 5Ј-GATCGATATCATTCATATTTCCGCCAACATCAATT GAGA-3Ј and 5Ј-ATTGCTGCAGCTATGGGTAATAC-AACACTTTGATTCTAAAG-3Ј; ubiquitin (UBQ), 5Ј-ATATTGCAGTTCTAGCATTCCCTTTCGGCGGA-3Ј and 5Ј-CGTATTTCGCTCTATCCGCCTTGTACATGT-GAG-3Ј. The LA-PCR mixture (10 ml) was prepared according to the supplier's recommendations using 1 ml of the cDNA mixture and 2 pmol of each primer.…”

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activity is associated with the intensity of flower colors in delphinium

“…Previous studies on anthocyanin biosynthesis reported that activity of the anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is an important rate-limiting step (Collette et al 2004;Forkmann and Ruhnau 1987;Helariutta et al 1993;Johnson et al 1999;Mato et al 2000). DFR is known to catalyze the reaction transforming dihydroflavonols (DHK, DHQ, and DHM) to leucoanthocyanidins (LPg, LCy, and LDp) using β-NADPH (Heller et al 1985;Lester 1982, 1985).…”

Effect of Chlorocholine Chloride on Chlorophyll, Photosynthesis, Soluble Sugar and Flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba

“…A gradual increase in TP, TF and TA in CCC-treated leaves from treatment ing the enzymes involved in flavonoid and anthocya nin biosyntheses, such as PAL, CHS, and CHI, are posi tively correlated with the accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins (Fischer et al, 2007;Jaakola et al, 2002). Total polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents have a positive relationship with the activities of PAL, CHS and CHI in many plants ( Ju et al, 1995;Mato et al, 2000;Obinata et al, 2003). Our recently work also demonstrated that CHS and PAL were two key enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in G. biloba (Cheng et al, 2012).…”