Flavobacteria as secondary pathogens in carp suffering from koi sleepy disease

Adamek, Mikołaj; Teitge, Felix; Jung‐Schroers, Verena; Heling, Max; Gela, David; Piačková, Veronika; Kocour, Martin; Steinhagen, Dieter

doi:10.1111/jfd.12872

Cited by 23 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It was interesting that many previous reports of CEV-positive fish were co-infected with bacterial pathogens, in particular infection with Aeromonas sp. and [12,13] and Flavobacterium branchiophilum [33]. In the present study, no bacterial growth from spleen and head kidney tissue was observed.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Pikulkaew

Phatwan

Banlunara

et al. 2020

Viruses

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The presence of carp edema virus (CEV) was confirmed in imported ornamental koi in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The koi showed lethargy, loss of swimming activity, were lying at the bottom of the pond, and gasping at the water’s surface. Some clinical signs such as skin hemorrhages and ulcers, swelling of the primary gill lamella, and necrosis of gill tissue, presented. Clinical examination showed co-infection by opportunistic pathogens including Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Saprolegnia sp. on the skin and gills. Histopathologically, the gill of infected fish showed severe necrosis of epithelial cells and infiltrating of eosinophilic granular cells. Electron microscope examination detected few numbers of virions were present in the cytoplasm of gill tissue which showed an electron dense core with surface membranes worn by surface globular units. Molecular detection of CEV DNA from gill samples of fish was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that CEV isolate had 99.8% homology with the CEV isolated from South Korea (KY946715) and Germany (KY550420), and was assigned to genogroup IIa. In conclusion, this report confirmed the presence of CEV infection of koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai province, Thailand using pathological and molecular approaches.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Pikulkaew

Phatwan

Banlunara

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…KSDaffected fish were frequently found co-infected with both bacterial and parasitic pathogens [1,20,62,63]. Our earlier research showed that CEV can, for instance, promote the development of secondary gill infections caused by Flavobacterium branchiophilum [20]. Coinfections can exacerbate pathophysiological changes associated with the disease, as was recently Figure 12.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus

et al. 2021

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Gills of fish are involved in respiration, excretion and osmoregulation. Due to numerous interactions between these processes, branchial diseases have serious implications on fish health. Here, "koi sleepy disease" (KSD), caused by carp edema virus (CEV) infection was used to study physiological, immunological and metabolic consequences of a gill disease in fish. A metabolome analysis shows that the moderately hypoxic-tolerant carp can compensate the respiratory compromise related to this infection by various adaptations in their metabolism. Instead, the disease is accompanied by a massive disturbance of the osmotic balance with hyponatremia as low as 71.65 mmol L −1 , and an accumulation of ammonia in circulatory blood causing a hyperammonemia as high as 1123.24 µmol L −1 . At water conditions with increased ambient salt, the hydro-mineral balance and the ammonia excretion were restored. Importantly, both hyponatremia and hyperammonemia in KSD-affected carp can be linked to an immunosuppression leading to a four-fold drop in the number of white blood cells, and significant downregulation of cd4, tcr a2 and igm expression in gills, which can be evaded by increasing the ion concentration in water. This shows that the complex host-pathogen interactions within the gills can have immunosuppressive consequences, which have not previously been addressed in fish. Furthermore, it makes the CEV infection of carp a powerful model for studying interdependent pathological and immunological effects of a branchial disease in fish.

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“…It was also revealed that CEV is enabling secondary bacterial or parasite infections through impairment of gills (Adamek, Teitge, et al, 2018). There was also suggested that CEV could have direct immunosuppressive effect on host, but this need more investigations to be confirmed (Adamek, Teitge, et al, 2018;Lewisch et al, 2015;Way et al, 2017).…”

Section: S I G N S Of Ce Vd/k S Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These signs are often manifested in typical CEVD outbreaks, but they are in no way pathognomonic. The disease diagnostics can be further complicated by occasionally occurring secondary diseases, such as KHVD or Flavobacterium branchiophilum infection (Adamek, Teitge, et al, 2018). Histological examination typically reveals the edema of the respiratory epithelial cells of gill lamellae and hyperplasia of interlamellar epithelia, but these changes alone are again insufficient for a definitive diagnosis (Ono et al, 1986).…”

Section: Iag Nos Ti C S and Quantifi C Ati Onmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carp edema virus and immune response in carp (Cyprinuscarpio): Current knowledge

Machát

Pojezdal

Piačková

et al. 2021

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most economically valuable freshwater fish worldwide. The majority of global production of common carp is destined for human consumption, but members of its ornamental variety, koi carp, are also raised for decorative purposes. According to annual statistics of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), fishery and aquaculture production of common carp accounted for more than 7.5% of the global freshwater fish production in 2018. More specifically, more than 4.3 million tons of carp were caught or bred in 2018 with a steady yearly increase (FAO, 2020). The importance of common carp is even greater in Europe, where it accounted for over 30% of the freshwater fish production in 2018 (FAO, 2020). Historically, chronicles depict domestication of common carp in China centuries before domestication in Europe, but it is possible that the domestication occurred independently in both places (Balon, 1995; Vilizzi, 2012). Viral diseases are one of the most relevant causes of a decrease in aquaculture production, either through significant reduction of their growth rate or by direct mortalities of the host fish. Among numerous carp viral diseases, three diseases seem to be most important as they cause extensive damage to carp aquaculture. Carp edema virus (CEV) together with cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (koi herpesvirus, CyHV-3, KHV) and carp sprivivirus (spring viraemia of carp virus, SVCV) are infectious viruses causing disease and major losses in common carp populations and carp varieties around the world. Out of these three, only SVCV affects a broad number of the Cyprinidae family members, causing spring viraemia of carp (SVC) (Hoole et al., 2001).

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Flavobacteria as secondary pathogens in carp suffering from koi sleepy disease

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus

Carp edema virus and immune response in carp (Cyprinuscarpio): Current knowledge

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