Flavin‐containing monooxygenases FMO_GS‐OXs integrate flowering transition and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

Salt stress substantially leads to flowering delay. The regulation of salt‐induced late flowering has been studied at the transcriptional and protein levels; however, the involvement of secondary metabolites has rarely been investigated. Here, we report that FMOGS‐OXs (EC 1.14.13.237), the enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of glucosinolates (GSLs), promote flowering transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. It has been reported that WRKY75 is a positive regulator, and MAF4 is a negative regulator of flowering transition. The products of FMOGS‐OXs, methylsulfinylalkyl GSLs (MS GSLs), facilitate flowering by inducing WRKY75 and repressing the MAS‐MAF4 module. We further show that the degradation of MS GSLs is involved in salt‐induced late flowering and salt tolerance. Salt stress induces the expression of myrosinase genes, resulting in the degradation of MS GSLs, thereby relieving the promotion of WRKY75 and inhibition of MAF4, leading to delayed flowering. In addition, the degradation products derived from MS GSLs enhance salt tolerance. Previous studies have revealed that FMOGS‐OXs exhibit alternative catalytic activity to form trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) under salt stress, which activates multiple stress‐related genes to promote salt tolerance. Therefore, FMOGS‐OXs integrate flowering transition and salt tolerance in various ways. Our study shed light on the functional diversity of GSLs and established a connection between flowering transition, salt resistance, and GSL metabolism.