Flavan-3-ols and Proanthocyanidins in Japanese, Bohemian and Giant Knotweed

Abstract

Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins of invasive alien plants Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.P. Bailey) were investigated using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry, image analysis and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS). (+)-Catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin gallate and procyanidin B2 were found in rhizomes of these three species, and for the first time in Bohemian knotweed. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2 and procyanidin C1 were found in giant knotweed rhizomes for the first time. Rhizomes of Bohemian and giant knotweed have the same chemical profiles of proanthocyanidins with respect to the degree of polymerization and with respect to gallates. Japanese and Bohemian knotweed have equal chromatographic fingerprint profiles with the additional peak not present in giant knotweed. Within the individual species giant knotweed rhizomes and leaves have the most similar fingerprints, while the fingerprints of Japanese and Bohemian knotweed rhizomes have additional peaks not found in leaves. Rhizomes of all three species proved to be a rich source of proanthocyanidins, with the highest content in Japanese and the lowest in Bohemian knotweed (based on the total peak areas). The contents of monomers in Japanese, Bohemian and giant knotweed rhizomes were 2.99 kg/t of dry mass (DM), 1.52 kg/t DM, 2.36 kg/t DM, respectively, while the contents of dimers were 2.81 kg/t DM, 1.09 kg/t DM, 2.17 kg/t DM, respectively. All B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers to decamers (monomers—flavan-3-ols, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers and decamers) and some of their gallates (monomer gallates, dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamer gallates and hexamer gallates) were identified in rhizomes of Bohemian knotweed and giant knotweed. Pentamer gallates, hexamers, hexamer gallates, nonamers and decamers were identified for the first time in this study in Bohemian and giant knotweed rhizomes.

Screening and Evaluation of Dermo-Cosmetic Activities of the Invasive Plant Species Polygonum cuspidatum

“…Regarding P. cuspidatum , several TLC works have been carried out in recent years on the separation, identification and quantification of its various constituents present in its different organs [ 14 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. In our work, a TLC analysis was performed notably to determine anti-tyrosinase activity of invasive plant from Savoie Mont Blanc.…”

Evaluation of the Main Macro-, Micro- and Trace Elements Found in Fallopia japonica Plants and Their Traceability in Its Honey: A Case Study from the Northwestern and Western Part of Romania

“…Originating from Asia-mostly China, Korea, Taiwan and Japan [5,7]-it was first introduced in Europe as an ornamental plant [8,9] and its spread has been escalated due to globalization and climate change [10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…In Romania, the plant is classified as a subspontaneous species in the riparian ecosystems of Transylvania, Maramureş, Crişana, Moldova, Banat and Oltenia, with a menacing impact on the indigenous biodiversity [15,16]. This plant proliferates in extremely diverse environments, from pastures to watercourses, forests, railways, disturbed lands and human settlements [9,14,17,18]. Its invasive character comes from its phenotypic plasticity [19] and allelopathic effects [20,21], FJ plants being able to cope with environmental changes and intoxicate the native plants through the release of some phytotoxic compounds that are able to inhibit the growth of native species [22][23][24].…”

Phytochemical and Bioactivity Studies on Hedera helix L. (Ivy) Flower Pollen and Ivy Bee Pollen

“…Therefore, there is a need for other identification methodologies (e.g., methods based on chromatographic techniques) as an alternative to palynological analysis. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is one of the most widely applied techniques for the chemical profiling of natural compounds in plants [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and plantrelated materials [14,[17][18][19]. Compared to other chromatographic techniques HPTLC has several advantages that enable: analyses of several samples simultaneously under the same conditions; subsequent detection at different wavelengths in absorption and fluorescence mode; use of a variety of post-chromatographic derivatizations; evaluation of fingerprints on the whole R F scale (from the start (application position) to the front).…”

“…Compared to other chromatographic techniques HPTLC has several advantages that enable: analyses of several samples simultaneously under the same conditions; subsequent detection at different wavelengths in absorption and fluorescence mode; use of a variety of post-chromatographic derivatizations; evaluation of fingerprints on the whole R F scale (from the start (application position) to the front). HPTLC is also the only chromatographic technique which provides the chromatogram in the form of an image, which can further be processed by image analysis for quantification [9][10][11]14,20]. HPTLC-image analysis in combination with chemometric methods is applicable for the grouping of samples containing specific compounds based on their botanical origin, as was demonstrated in a study of phenolic compounds in bee pollen samples [18].…”