Flat-Lens Design Using Field Transformation and Its Comparison With Those Based on Transformation Optics and Ray Optics

Jain, Shilpi; Abdel-Mageed, Mohamed; Mittra, R.

doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2270946

Cited by 61 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We also compare these lenses with TO Lens [7] and see that DaD lenses perform very favorably when compared to the TO lens (see Fig. 9).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…We begin with the RO-lens design by using the methodology described in [7]. The design parameters of the lens (see Fig.…”

Section: Ro and Ro(zp) Lens Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, a variety of techniques have been proposed by researchers to design flat lenses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] that are based on Transformation Optics (TO) as well as other techniques. The TO approach, which is very elegant and systematic, often leads to designs based on metamaterials that can be difficult to realize because they require r and μ r values that are either less than 1, or very large, or both.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flat Lens Design Using Artificially Engineered Materials

Arya¹,

Pandey²,

Mittra³

2016

PIER C

Self Cite

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Abstract-In this work, we present a new systematic technique for the design of a flat lens using modified commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) materials, as opposed to metamaterials (MTMs) that are often required in lens designs based on the Transformation Optics (TO) approach. While lens designs based on Ray Optics (RO) do not suffer from the drawback of having to use metamaterials, they still require dielectric materials that may not be commercially available off-the-shelf. This paper describes a systematic procedure for realizing the desired materials by modifying the COTS types, and illustrates its application with some practical examples.

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“…We also compare these lenses with TO Lens [7] and see that DaD lenses perform very favorably when compared to the TO lens (see Fig. 9).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…We begin with the RO-lens design by using the methodology described in [7]. The design parameters of the lens (see Fig.…”

Section: Ro and Ro(zp) Lens Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Flat Lens Design Using Artificially Engineered Materials

Arya¹,

Pandey²,

Mittra³

2016

PIER C

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…It is an interesting observation that the stepped matching regions we have considered here could be thought of as discretization of the permittivity distribution in a gradient-index (GRIN) lens (see e.g., [30][31][32]). Similarly to most GRIN-lenses, the permittivity distribution in Design E and F presented here is monotonically decreasing from the maximum value, as we move closer to the air-dielectric interface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Micromachined Millimeter-Wave Planar Silicon Lens Antennas With Concentric and Shifted Matching Regions

Frid¹,

Töpfer²,

Bhowmik³

et al. 2017

PIER C

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Abstract-This paper presents a study of planar silicon lens antennas with up to three steppedimpedance matching regions. The effective permittivity of the matching regions is tailor-made by etching periodic holes in the silicon substrate. The optimal thickness and permittivity of the matching regions were determined by numerical optimization to obtain the maximum wideband aperture efficiency and smallest side-lobes. We introduce a new geometry for the matching regions, referred to as shifted matching regions. The simulation results indicate that using three shifted matching regions results in twice as large aperture efficiency as compared to using three conventional concentric matching regions. By increasing the number of matching regions from one to three, the band-averaged gain is increased by 0.3 dB when using concentric matching regions, and by 3.7 dB when using shifted matching regions, which illustrates the advantage of the proposed shifted matching region design.

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“…Graded index materials have their relative permittivity locally varied in order to achieve the desired electromagnetic response. These materials have been successfully implemented in the design of a five layer flat lens using field transformation with its performance superior to that of lens designed with ray optics [2]. These materials are also essential for transformation optics which is based on the principle of transforming the original coordinate system of an electromagnetic device in such a way that its electromagnetic behaviour remains unaltered when its shape changes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite materials for microwave devices using additive manufacturing

et al. 2016

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Additive manufacturing has been combined with commercially available RF materials to synthesize composite materials whose relative permittivity can be controlled. A design equation for predicting the effective permittivity of these composite materials has also been presented. The relative permittivity of the composite materials was measured by fabricating patch antennas using these materials as the substrate. It has been demonstrated that by using Taconic, PLA and air, three materials with different dielectric constants, a large and nearly continuous range of relative permittivity values, from 1.47 to 6.00, can be realised.Introduction: Materials whose relative permittivity can be controlled by the designer have the potential to be employed as antenna substrates and can enhance antenna performance [1]. Such materials are also an integral part of graded index (GRIN) devices. Graded index materials have their relative permittivity locally varied in order to achieve the desired electromagnetic response. These materials have been successfully implemented in the design of a five layer flat lens using field transformation with its performance superior to that of lens designed with ray optics [2]. These materials are also essential for transformation optics which is based on the principle of transforming the original coordinate system of an electromagnetic device in such a way that its electromagnetic behaviour remains unaltered when its shape changes. This is achieved by changing the refractive index (relative permittivity and permeability) in the coordinate space by using metamaterials and other artificially designed materials [3]. Low loss magnetic materials with relative permeability other than unity are extremely difficult to manufacture therefore the refractive index is generally controlled by varying the relative permittivity. This technique has been successfully applied to design a flat hyperbolic lens. The materials were designed from micro and nanoparticles of titanates using vaccuum casting [4]. Recently additive manufacturing using stereolithography was proposed to synthesize the artificial materials with controlled relative permittivity; however the range of the relative permittivities, for the synthesized material, was found to be limited (ranging from 2.12 to 3.08) [5]. In this letter the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique has been used. FDM is very flexible and user friendly. It uses the stereolithography file (.stl) for manufacturing the desired structure, layer by layer. The material, in molten state, is extruded from the hot nozzle which then solidifies quickly after extrusion. This letter shows that by using FDM, additively manufactured structures can be combined with commercial laminates in order to achieve a wide range of permittivities. The resulting composite materials are three phase structures because three materials with different electromagnetic properties have been used for their synthesis. This allows for a larger range of relative permittivities which can be designed and synthesiz...

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Flat-Lens Design Using Field Transformation and Its Comparison With Those Based on Transformation Optics and Ray Optics

Cited by 61 publications

References 13 publications

Flat Lens Design Using Artificially Engineered Materials

Flat Lens Design Using Artificially Engineered Materials

Optimization of Micromachined Millimeter-Wave Planar Silicon Lens Antennas With Concentric and Shifted Matching Regions

Composite materials for microwave devices using additive manufacturing

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