Flash Technique Group Protocol for Highly Dissociative Clients in a Homeless Shelter: A Clinical Report

Wong, Sik-Lam

doi:10.1891/1933-3196.13.1.20

Cited by 21 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…While we encourage clients to do bilateral tapping during FT, the tapping does not play a part in the brief access to the traumatic memory. This may explain why some clients can process their traumatic memories without bilateral tapping (Wong, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the end of the 15-minute intervention, 45% of the participants (79 out of 175) reported a posttreatment SUD level of 0, 1, or 2, indicating that the traumatic memory was minimally disturbing or not disturbing at all. In addition, preliminary evidence has shown the possibility that FT may be effective in the treatment of dissociative patients, as evidenced in two case studies (Shebini, 2019;Wong, 2019).…”

Section: Flash Technique Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is not clear how the current practice of FT, with the blinking, can be related to subliminal messaging. In addition, while we ask clients to do bilateral tapping in FT, in Wong's FT group for dissociation-prone substance abusers, some clients reported memory processing without doing bilateral tapping (Wong, 2019). The role of blinking and bilateral tapping in FT are issues that need be clarified in order to further the practice of FT.…”

Section: Concepts From Neuroscience and Working Memory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then the PEF is interrupted by a verbal cue such as "flash." The interruption can be purposeful, as when the client is asked to think about the memory very briefly, without even being aware of the emotions or the details of the memory (Manfield et al, 2017), or when the client is asked to briefly recall a symbolic representation of the memory, looking at the book three times (Wong, 2019). In both cases, the client may briefly access the traumatic memory directly or via a trigger/representation of the memory, and then quickly returns to the PEF.…”

Section: A Model For the Processing Of Trauma With Ftmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Model for the Flash Technique Based on Working Memory and Neuroscience Research

Wong

2021

J EMDR Prac Res

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Research has shown that the Flash Technique (FT) appears to reduce memory-related disturbance and may reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. This paper discusses the connections between FT and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. In FT, clients remind themselves of a traumatic memory without dwelling on it and focus instead on a positive engaging focus and then blink their eyes when prompted. This paper summarizes numerous models describing how the brain processes traumatic material and presents a model for how FT may work in the brain. It proposes that during the blinking, the patient's periaqueductal gray (PAG) may take over, sensing the reminder of the traumatic memory and reflexively triggering the amygdala. In Porges's neuroception model, the PAG assesses danger without going through the conscious brain. Recent fMRI data show that for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, there is enhanced connectivity from the amygdala to the left hippocampus. Thus, triggering the amygdala may, in turn, activate the left hippocampus, which may then provide a brief access to the traumatic memory. Given the brief access, there is insufficient time for the amygdala to go into overactivation. The client remains calm while accessing the traumatic memory, thus setting up the prediction error necessary for possible memory reconsolidation. This process is repeated during blinking in FT allowing memory reconsolidation to proceed. This model requires experimental confirmation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flash Technique Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concepts From Neuroscience and Working Memory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Model For the Processing Of Trauma With Ftmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Model for the Flash Technique Based on Working Memory and Neuroscience Research

Wong

2021

J EMDR Prac Res

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“…Providing adults who experience homelessness with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy [ 60 ] or another cognitive-based behavioral therapy could assist with regulating emotions. In addition, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy has been shown to reduce subjective distress among homeless individuals and thus might assist with regulating emotions among this population [ 61 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Stress Indirectly Influences Psychological Symptoms through Its Association with Distress Tolerance and Perceived Social Support among Adults Experiencing Homelessness

Hernandez

Daundasekara

Zvolensky

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Traditionally, intrapersonal characteristics (distress tolerance) and interpersonal characteristics (social support) have been studied separately rather than simultaneously. In the current study, we address this gap by simultaneously examining these characteristics as potential indirect associations linking established urban stress–depression and urban stress–Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) relationships. Adults experiencing homelessness were recruited from six homeless shelters in Oklahoma City (n = 567). Participants self-reported urban life stress (Urban Life Stress Scale), distress tolerance (Distress Tolerance Scale), social support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List 12), major depressive disorder (Patient Health Questionnaire-8), and PTSD symptoms (Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder screener). Covariate-adjusted structural equation models indicated a significant indirect effect of distress tolerance on the urban stress–depression (b = 0.101, 95% CI = 0.061, 0.147) and urban stress–PTSD (b = 0.065, 95% CI = 0.023, 0.112) relationships. Additionally, a significant indirect effect of social support on the urban stress–depression (b = 0.091, 95% CI = 0.053, 0.133) and urban stress-PTSD relationships (b = 0.043, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.082) was evident. Further, both the urban stress–depression (b = 0.022, 95% CI = 0.011, 0.037) and urban stress–PTSD relationships (b = 0.014, 95% CI = 0.005, 0.026) were associated indirectly through social support to distress tolerance. Interventions that aim to increase social support may also increase distress tolerance skills and indirectly reduce depressive and PTSD symptoms in the context of urban stress among adults experiencing homelessness.

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Interventions to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in vulnerably housed populations and trauma-informed care: A scoping review

Bennett

Crosse

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Objectives: The goals of this study are to identify and analyse interventions that aim to treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in individuals who are vulnerably housed and to describe how these treatments have been delivered using trauma-informed care. Design: Scoping review Search strategy: We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PTSDpubs for published literature up to March 2020 for any studies that examined the treatment of PTSD in adults who were vulnerably housed. Websites of relevant organizations and other grey literature sources were searched to supplement the electronic database search. The characteristics and effect of the interventions were analyzed. We also explored how the interventions were delivered and the elements of trauma-informed care that were described. Results: 26 studies were included. We identified four types of interventions: (1) trauma focused psychotherapies; (2) non-trauma psychotherapies; (3) housing interventions; and (4) pharmacotherapies. The trauma-informed interventions were small case series and the non-trauma focused therapies included four randomized controlled trials, were generally ineffective. Of the ten studies which described trauma-informed care the most commonly named elements were physical and emotional safety, the experience of feeling heard and understood, and flexibility of choice. The literature also commented on the difficulty of providing care to this population including lack of private space to deliver therapy; the co-occurrence of substance use; and barriers to follow-up including limited length of stay in different shelters and high staff turnover. Conclusions: This scoping review identified a lack of high-quality trials to address PTSD in the vulnerably housed. There is a need to conduct well designed trials that take into account the unique setting of this population and which describe those elements of trauma-informed care that are most important and necessary.

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Flash Technique Group Protocol for Highly Dissociative Clients in a Homeless Shelter: A Clinical Report

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

A Model for the Flash Technique Based on Working Memory and Neuroscience Research

A Model for the Flash Technique Based on Working Memory and Neuroscience Research

Urban Stress Indirectly Influences Psychological Symptoms through Its Association with Distress Tolerance and Perceived Social Support among Adults Experiencing Homelessness

Interventions to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in vulnerably housed populations and trauma-informed care: A scoping review

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