Flash Pyrolysis of Lignin

Avni, E.; Davoudzadeh, Faegh; Coughlin, Robert W.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4932-4_18

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Also, lignin which is one of the major component of lignocellulosic materials has been shown to undergo decomposition even at temperatures above 500 °C. This process also yields carbon monoxide and hydrogen 14. Therefore, it could be inferred that the marginal decrease in the char yield in this temperature range is due to rearrangement of the carbon structure which results in the loss of heteroatoms from the char.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of carbonization temperature on the yield and porosity of char produced from palm shell

Daud

Ali

Sulaiman

2001

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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Several batches of chars were prepared from palm shell by carbonization in a¯ow of nitrogen using a ®xed-bed reactor. Palm shell was carbonized at temperatures of 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900°C for 1 h to study the effects of carbonization temperature on char yield and its porosity. The prepared chars were characterized for the micropore volume using CO 2 adsorption while the meso-and macropore volumes were analyzed using a mercury porosimeter. The char yield was around 25% and is comparable with yields reported from other lignocellulosic materials. The results show that carbonization temperature has a signi®cant effect on the micro-and mesopore volumes. However, it has negligible effect on the macropore volume.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of carbonization temperature on the yield and porosity of char produced from palm shell

Daud

Ali

Sulaiman

2001

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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“…In addition, the heating of carbohydrates probably led to some extent to the formation of unsaturated nonvolatile material (i.e., UV-detectable ''lignin-like material''), [11]. Avni et al [18] have reported a model for lignin thermal degradation. Relatively weak aliphatic bonds break down and hydrocarbon fragments are released.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and chemical behavior of spruce wood modified by heat

Yıldız

Gezer

Yıldız

2006

Building and Environment

399

194

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“…was not a swift wave emanating from central Arabia and sweeping through the Negev like a storm, but rather a gradual process that took shape slowly over several decades. These include raised thresholds; stone benches inside the enclosure, probably for sleeping, like those in Bedouin tents today ( 9This question is connected to a wider issue that Islamic historians have pondered over the past decade: the nature of the early Arab conquests and the consolidation of the Muslim state (e.g., Crone 1980; Donner 1981;, and the credibility of classical Arab sources with regard to that period (Crone and Cook 1977;Wansbrough 1977;1978;Crone 1987;Bashear 1984;1985). During a previous survey of the Negev, Glueck noted the existence of several residential sites in this area, which he dated to the MB I, Nabataean, and Byzantine periods (Glueck 1965: 13-15).…”

Section: Negev Mosques: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the archaeological surveys conducted in the Central Negev Highlands in the 1960s(Cohen 1981;1985), an open-type mosque was discovered on a hilltop west of Sede Boker (figure. Sede Boker.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16-17, figure 14). :?.Mosque at Har Oded.were unearthed in the vicinity of the mosque (Nevo 1985: 3-4;Sharon 1981;1985); some predated its construction (Nevo 1985: 4; Sharon 1990: 9*-10*).A settlement discovered near the mosque contains the remnants of dozens of structures scattered over an area of 0.5 km2 (Cohen 1981: 50-52, 67-70; 1985: 63-65).4 Systematic excavations carried out by Nevo during the past years have exposed several dozens of structures; according to Nevo's interpretation all of them were cult sites. During the archaeological surveys conducted in the Central Negev Highlands in the 1960s(Cohen 1981;1985), an open-type mosque was discovered on a hilltop west of Sede Boker (figure.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Early Mosques in the Negev Highlands: New Archaeological Evidence on Islamic Penetration of Southern Palestine

Avni¹

1994

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. This content downloaded from 155.69.24.A number of early mosques associated with a widespread system of settlements that existed during the sixth to eighth centuries c.E. have been discovered in recent years throughout the Negev Highlands. Thus far, 12 mosques of different types have been recorded. These include mosques built either within urban settlements or adjacent to rural settlements, and mosques connected with nomadic populations in the southern Negev Highlands. Recent archaeological evidence suggests that the source of the open mosques constructed near rural and nomadic sites in the Negev Highlands is to be sought in the stele cult that was widely disseminated in Nabataean and Byzantine times. The chronological framework of the early mosques, their connection to dated settlements, and the formal relations between the stele cult and the mosques seem more consistent with a picture of gradual Islamic penetration into southern Palestine than with a swift adoption of canonical Islam in the wake of a single wave of conquest. til now has focused upon historical sources (e.g., : 55-66 for a detailed bibliography). Over the past few years, however, archaeological findings in various parts of the Negev, especially the Negev Highlands and the Arava, have shed new light on the settlement patterns and the material culture of the period. The Negev Highlands, between the Mediterranean zone of central Israel and the Saharan zones of the southern Negev and Sinai, form an environ-mental transition area between the sedentary north and the nomadic south. Irano-Turonian vegetation is characteristic of the region, except in the south, where it is replaced by more desertic Saharo-Arabian elements (Danin 1983: 42-44, 52-53). Annual rainfall averages between 50 and 200 mm. Archaeological surveys were conducted in the central Negev throughout the 1950s and 1960s (Glueck 1965; Cohen 1981; 1985); but the Negev Emergency Survey, carried out during the last decade, has provided the impetus for exploration of the Negev Highlands on an unprecedented scale ().1 During the emergency survey, dozens of settlement sites were discovered dating to the end of the Byzantine period and the Early Islamic period (sixth to eighth centuries C.E.). Many of the sites in the Central Negev Highlands are distinctly agricultural (Haiman 1990), whereas those in the south are seasonal and nomadic (Avni 1985; 1992a; Rosen 1987a; Rosen and Avni 1989; Rosen and Avni in press). Structures identified as early mosques were found adjacent to several of the sites. Very few appear to have

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Flash Pyrolysis of Lignin

Cited by 18 publications

References 3 publications

Effect of carbonization temperature on the yield and porosity of char produced from palm shell

Effect of carbonization temperature on the yield and porosity of char produced from palm shell

Mechanical and chemical behavior of spruce wood modified by heat

Early Mosques in the Negev Highlands: New Archaeological Evidence on Islamic Penetration of Southern Palestine

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