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Today many exploration, appraisal and development welltest operations are performed in new frontiers. These include extreme environmental conditions and reservoirs bearing complex reservoir fluids, such as heavy oil, or fluids with a high concentration of H2S, CO2, high wax and asphaltenes content, which have rarely been tested in the past. Many failures and operational issues have hindered the interpretability of data, significantly increased the total costs of such well tests or led to severe HSE incidents. Currently, such operations are often designed and executed on a case-by-case basis, and there are no practical recommendations available that would summarise the well testing experience in such environments to guide the operating companies through the process of efficiently planning welltest operations. Consequently, operations are often planned on a "copy-paste" basis, with potentially disastrous consequences. This paper describes in detail the challenges associated with safety, flow assurance, safe handling and disposal of produced fluids, and data quality during current welltest operations with complex reservoir fluids or challenging environmental conditions. Complex reservoir fluids, including highly corrosive fluids, introduce unique challenges that need to be addressed at the design stage of the test, each requiring an appropriate design of surface well test spread and DST string, as well as the overall job operation and equipment planning to incorporate "what-if" scenarios. To address these issues, we summarize the best well-testing practices, and for each of the cases outlined illustrate proven welltesting techniques. Examples show that it is nearly impossible to perform the well test and handle complex reservoir fluids at surface using a traditional approach and standard well test equipment. Novel well testing equipment such as new generation welltest separators equipped with Coriolis mass flow meters, new generation burners and others, in combination with recently developed well testing techniques, allowed us to overcome these challenges. The paper provides practical recommendations, supported by case studies, highlighting the results and lessons learned from successful operations around the worlds in the following well test areas: –Heavy oil testing–Well test operations in high H2S and CO2 environment–Well test operations in reservoir fluids with high wax or Asphaltene content–Deepwater welltest operations with a high risk of hydrate formation–Well test operations with production of foamy oil–Heat management–Viscous fluid management–Contingency planning Recipes for success are provided to ensure that safe operation can be performed in the challenging environment while keeping the cost in line with the AFEs.
Today many exploration, appraisal and development welltest operations are performed in new frontiers. These include extreme environmental conditions and reservoirs bearing complex reservoir fluids, such as heavy oil, or fluids with a high concentration of H2S, CO2, high wax and asphaltenes content, which have rarely been tested in the past. Many failures and operational issues have hindered the interpretability of data, significantly increased the total costs of such well tests or led to severe HSE incidents. Currently, such operations are often designed and executed on a case-by-case basis, and there are no practical recommendations available that would summarise the well testing experience in such environments to guide the operating companies through the process of efficiently planning welltest operations. Consequently, operations are often planned on a "copy-paste" basis, with potentially disastrous consequences. This paper describes in detail the challenges associated with safety, flow assurance, safe handling and disposal of produced fluids, and data quality during current welltest operations with complex reservoir fluids or challenging environmental conditions. Complex reservoir fluids, including highly corrosive fluids, introduce unique challenges that need to be addressed at the design stage of the test, each requiring an appropriate design of surface well test spread and DST string, as well as the overall job operation and equipment planning to incorporate "what-if" scenarios. To address these issues, we summarize the best well-testing practices, and for each of the cases outlined illustrate proven welltesting techniques. Examples show that it is nearly impossible to perform the well test and handle complex reservoir fluids at surface using a traditional approach and standard well test equipment. Novel well testing equipment such as new generation welltest separators equipped with Coriolis mass flow meters, new generation burners and others, in combination with recently developed well testing techniques, allowed us to overcome these challenges. The paper provides practical recommendations, supported by case studies, highlighting the results and lessons learned from successful operations around the worlds in the following well test areas: –Heavy oil testing–Well test operations in high H2S and CO2 environment–Well test operations in reservoir fluids with high wax or Asphaltene content–Deepwater welltest operations with a high risk of hydrate formation–Well test operations with production of foamy oil–Heat management–Viscous fluid management–Contingency planning Recipes for success are provided to ensure that safe operation can be performed in the challenging environment while keeping the cost in line with the AFEs.
Rigless well commissioning is an important stage of well completion to deliver a new drilled or worked-over wells (oil producer or water/gas injector) ready for production or injection. Rigless well commissioning employs firstly slick wireline intervention for well accessibility verification, down hole safety valve operability, bottom hole pressure and fluid gradient survey that assists to design the flow to clean commissioning program. Secondly, it employs coiled tubing (CT) and flow to clean (FTC) packages to cleanup the well and if necessary to perform matrix acidizing to improve well productivity or injectivity. This paper highlights operational constraints of well commissioning and its effective approach from job design, execution and evaluation that have been performed over 250 wells in the span of 5 years operations. The commissioned wells are drilled in the carbonate formation with surface clustered operation in Onshore and Offshore Artificial Islands. It also describes HSE challenges that have been faced in safe handling of return fluid, management of volatile recovered crude oil, simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) with Drilling Rig, Project and Construction (P&C) activities and hydrocarbon flaring in the environmentally sensitive area. The implemented approach and methodology of well commissioning has evolved significantly to address operational challenges and reducing well commissioning cost by 60%. It proves improvement of operating efficiency of CT and FTC packages based on downhole pressure survey, smart well commissioning, eliminating high risk clean-up operation for injector well, cluster based well commissioning, in-situ return fluid management and arrangement of vertical flare stack in the constraint offshore artificial island. The overall outcomes have achieved technical objective with optimized cost and minimum risk, enhancing rigless package utilization and implementing sustainable and effective field rigless commissioning.
Well clean-up is one of the most complex operations performed at the wellsite today. During clean-up, a well is flowing for the first time after initial completion or workover operations through temporary surface facilities to either conduct a welltest or to simply condition the well before connecting it to production facilities. Currently, there are no practical recommendations available that would summarize clean-up experiences and guide operating companies through the process of efficiently planning well clean-up operations. Conventional well clean-up operations are inherently challenging owing to the requirements for accurate data measurements, safe handling and disposal of produced fluids (hydrocarbons, completion brine, water, and solids). Experience has shown that it is nearly impossible to perform well clean up within pre-defined constraints and target criteria without an appropriate design, equipment selection and operations planning to account for the specificities of each situation. Steady-state flow simulators have been the standard tool to model pressure and temperature changes along the wellbore and through temporary production system during well clean-up process. Those assume either final stabilized conditions or a limited number of intermediate ones and formed the basis for equipment selection. But this approach has critical limitations in modelling flowing well behavior and fast-changing flowing conditions, and therefore in assessing operational flow assurance risks and the dynamic capability of the surface plant to handle produced fluids. The paper describes in detail today's challenges during well clean-up operations that combine the need for operational safety, minimal environmental footprint and flow assurance considerations that have to be balanced with costs and production performance optimization. The paper provides practical recommendations and presents multiple case studies highlighting the results and lessons learned from applying a novel, unique workflow based on the application of a transient-multiphase flow simulator. Combined with modern well-testing equipment such as modern test separators, remotely actuated adjustable chokes or environmentally friendly fluid disposal techniques, such advanced design allows performing clean-up operations efficiently while remaining within time, rates, pressure or emissions limits.
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