Flammable chemicals

Carson, Phillip; Mumford, C.J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-052379-8.50008-1

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The scientific literature should always be interrogated to identify whether data on the compound, or a close analogue, already exists. − …”

Section: Desk Screening Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability: A Review of Methods and Interpretation of Data

Rowe

2002

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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The assessment and understanding of thermal instability associated with process materials is a prerequisite for safe manufacturing. This is particularly true for materials exposed to elevated temperatures during processing. Information gathering on thermal stability should commence as early as possible in the process development lifecycle such that, initially, highly energetic substances can be identified and handled accordingly. Further studies to accurately define safe exposure temperatures should then be performed using equipment and methods specifically appropriate to the plant or processing technique selected, or envisaged, for scale-up. A simplified procedure for thermal stability assessment is proposed which takes into account decomposition and oxidation activity which are both commonly observed with organic substances. The strengths and weaknesses of individual test methods are reviewed, and information is provided on correct application of the resulting data.

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“…The scientific literature should always be interrogated to identify whether data on the compound, or a close analogue, already exists. − …”

Section: Desk Screening Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability: A Review of Methods and Interpretation of Data

Rowe

2002

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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“…There are large quantities of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) manufactured, stored, transported, and used throughout the world. − As TICs are highly toxic, they can endanger human life, for example, when accidently released from factories or when misused as a weapon in terrorist attacks. , TICs can be in encountered in gaseous, liquid, or solid states. Especially, volatile TICs such as NH 3 , HCN, H 2 S, HCl, NO 2 , Cl 2 , and SO 2 may rapidly affect exposed individuals when entering the body through inhalation .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Volatile Toxic Industrial Chemicals with Classical Ion Mobility Spectrometry and High-Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Allers¹,

Schaefer

Ahrens

et al. 2021

Anal. Chem.

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Due to their high sensitivity and compact design, ion mobility spectrometers are widely used to detect toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) in air. However, when analyzing complex gas mixtures, classical ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) suffers from false-positive rates due to limited resolving power or false-negative rates caused by competitive ion−molecule reactions and the resulting suppression of certain analyte ions. To overcome these limitations, high-kinetic energy IMS (HiKE-IMS) was introduced some years ago. In contrast to classical IMS, HiKE-IMS is operated at decreased pressures of 20•••60 mbar and high reduced electric field strengths E/N of up to 120 Td. Under these conditions, the influence of competitive ion−molecule reactions on the prevailing ion population should be less pronounced, thus reducing false negatives. Additionally, effects such as fragmentation and field-dependent ion mobility may help to reduce false positives. In this work, the capabilities and limitations of HiKE-IMS in the field of on-site detection of the volatile TICs NH 3 , HCN, H 2 S, HCl, NO 2 , Cl 2 , and SO 2 are evaluated for the first time. Based on the limits of detection and the extent of spectral and chemical cross-sensitivities in gas mixtures, the results obtained for HiKE-IMS are compared with those obtained for classical IMS. It is shown that HiKE-IMS is less sensitive in comparison to classical IMS. However, when used for TIC detection, the reduced sensitivity of HiKE-IMS is not a major drawback. With values around 1 ppm v , the achievable limits of detection for almost all TICs are below the AEGL-2 (4h) levels. Furthermore, in comparison to classical IMS, it is still striking that HiKE-IMS shows significantly less spectral and chemical cross-sensitivities and thus exhibits considerably lower false-positive and false-negative rates. Overall, it thus turns out that HiKE-IMS is a promising alternative to classical IMS in the field of on-site detection of TICs.

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“…This new kind of solvents (DES and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES)) has gained considerable attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as negligible volatility, liquid state far below 0 • C, broad range of polarity, high solubilization power strength for a wide range of compounds, especially poorly water-soluble compounds, high extraction ability, and high stabilization ability for some natural products [12,13]. These unique properties together with their relatively low cost, possible biodegradability, and lower toxicity make DES an excellent replacement for traditional organic solvents [14]. Moreover, a kind of DES called natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) exists, which are solely based on natural substances, such as organic acids, amino acids, and sugars; this also makes them interesting in health-related areas such as pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation of β-Carotene by Emulsion Electrospraying Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

et al. 2020

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The encapsulation β-carotene in whey protein concentrate (WPC) capsules through the emulsion electrospraying technique was studied, using deep eutectic solvents (DES) as solvents. These novel solvents are characterized by negligible volatility, a liquid state far below 0 °C, a broad range of polarity, high solubilization power strength for a wide range of compounds, especially poorly water-soluble compounds, high extraction ability, and high stabilization ability for some natural products. Four DES formulations were used, based on mixtures of choline chloride with water, propanediol, glucose, glycerol, or butanediol. β-Carotene was successfully encapsulated in a solubilized form within WPC capsules; as a DES formulation with choline chloride and butanediol, the formulation produced capsules with the highest carotenoid loading capacity. SEM micrographs demonstrated that round and smooth capsules with sizes around 2 µm were obtained. ATR-FTIR results showed the presence of DES in the WPC capsules, which indirectly anticipated the presence of β-carotene in the WPC capsules. Stability against photo-oxidation studies confirmed the expected presence of the bioactive and revealed that solubilized β-carotene loaded WPC capsules presented excellent photo-oxidation stability compared with free β-carotene. The capsules developed here clearly show the significant potential of the combination of DES and electrospraying for the encapsulation and stabilization of highly insoluble bioactive compounds.

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Flammable chemicals

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Thermal Stability: A Review of Methods and Interpretation of Data

Thermal Stability: A Review of Methods and Interpretation of Data

Detection of Volatile Toxic Industrial Chemicals with Classical Ion Mobility Spectrometry and High-Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Encapsulation of β-Carotene by Emulsion Electrospraying Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

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