Flammability of Cellulose-Based Fibers and the Effect of Structure of Phosphorus Compounds on Their Flame Retardancy

Salmeia, Khalifah A.; Jovic, Milijana; Ragaišienė, Audronė; Rukuižienė, Žaneta; Milašius, Rimvydas; Mikučionienė, Daiva; Gaan, Sabyasachi

doi:10.3390/polym8080293

Cited by 64 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The untreated cellulose generates more flammable gasses compared to the cellulose containing Compounds 76 and 77. 119 Cotton fabrics treated with 7-13 wt % of 76 and 77 passed the vertical flammability. For the corresponding treatments, the LOI values of the treated cotton fabrics with Compound 77 were 26.7-33.1% and for 76 were 23.7-31.0.…”

Section: Cellulose Fibersmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…113 In a subsequent work, several new derivatives of phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds (64-66) ( Figure 19) having carboxyl or amino end groups were synthesized and incorporated via copolymerization in PA66. 114 Synthesis of monomer 64 was carried out via acylation reaction of phenylphosphonic dichloride with aminobenzoic acid. Compound 65 was prepared by the reaction of 1, 4-benzenediamine with phenylphosphonic dichloride by a dropwise addition and TEA was used to trap chlorine fumes.…”

Section: Epoxy Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of char residue showed that 111/APP system forms a dense, compact char layer compared to the HCFA/APP system. 163 A series of P-N containing compounds (112)(113)(114)(115)(116) as shown in figure 32 were designed and synthesized from corresponding phosphorus chloride and nitrogen-based nucleophiles in the presence of lithium source (diisopropylamide or n-butyllithium) followed by oxidation with elemental sulfur (S 8 ) to obtain the FRs and were used as a stabilizer with PP. The results indicate that it is possible to process PP with these additives in the melt (extrusion, injection molding, etc.)…”

Section: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Nazir

Gaan

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds containing nitrogen as heteroatom and its application as a flame retardant (FR) have attracted much attention in the academic and industrial communities over the past decade. Such compounds are relatively easy to synthesize and offer advantages such as high thermal stability, which is useful for high temperature processing, improved char stability, density, and yield during the thermal decomposition of polymer, and release phosphorus species active in the flame inhibition process. Though a variety of phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) compounds can be found in the literature, this review mostly summarizes the recent (since 2013) development in phosphorus (O)-nitrogen containing flame retardants which have been published in peer-reviewed journals. General strategies of synthesizing P(O)-N compounds as FRs from various phosphorus-based starting materials are highlighted in this review. Some of the most common classes of researched P(O)-N containing compounds as FRs include the phosphinamides, phosphonamides, phosphoramides, phosphoramidates, phosphorodiamidates, phosphonamidates and their thio counterparts which are usually obtained via a one-or two-step synthetic strategy. Incorporation of these compounds as FRs in various polymer systems such as polyurethane, epoxy resins, polyamides, cellulose, polylactide, poly(butylene terephthalate), polycarbonates, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene are discussed in detail in this review. Special emphasis on the various fire and thermal performances of the new materials are also summarized. The mechanical performance of new materials and the influence of these additives on polymer processing are also briefly discussed.

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Section: Cellulose Fibersmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Epoxy Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Nazir

Gaan

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…In addition, the trans-AA anhydride 1 (∆G = −3.41 kJ/mol) was more prone to be formed compared with the trans-AA anhydride 2 (∆G = 0.12 kJ/mol). As for the hydroxyls on cellulose, O(6)-H (6) was the most likely one to firstly esterify with CA anhydride 1 or trans-AA anhydride 1. Moreover, the terminal carboxyl on the chemical structure of acid molecule would be the most likely reaction site in the first esterification with anhydride.…”

Section: Theoretical Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cellulose-based derivatives have also played an important role in various fields, including food packaging [2,3] and adsorbent materials [4,5]. Usually, cotton fabrics are chemically modified before practical use to obtain specific functions, such as flame-retardant [6], anti-bacterial [7,8], hydrophobic [9] and anti-wrinkle properties [10,11], and so on. The easy wrinkling of cotton fabrics due to the cellulose chain movement brings a great obstacle to their applications [12]; therefore, anti-wrinkle finishing has always attracted the interests of researchers, usually forming covalent crosslinkage between different cellulose chains by chemical agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Reaction Sequence and Group Site of Citric Acid with Cellulose Characterized by FTIR in Combination with Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy

Cai

Yan

2019

Polymers

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Cotton fabrics are prone to wrinkles and can be treated with citric acid (CA) to obtain good anti-wrinkle properties. However, the yellowing of the CA-treated fabrics is one big obstacle to the practical application of citric acid. The changing sequence order of CA anhydride and unsaturated acid (the reason for yellowing), such as aconitic acid (AA), has not been investigated. Herein, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2Dcos), and Gaussian calculation were employed to characterize the reaction mechanism between CA with cellulose. FTIR spectra of the CA-treated fabrics heated under different temperatures were collected and further analyzed with 2Dcos. The results indicated the changing sequence order: 1656 cm −1 →1784 cm −1 →1701 cm −1 , ("→" means earlier than), i.e., unsaturated acid→anhydride→ester. Moreover, a change of Gibbs free energy (∆G) showed that trans-AA (∆G = −22.10 kJ/mol) is more thermodynamically favorable to be formed than CA anhydride 1 (∆G = −0.90 kJ/mol), which was proved by Gaussian computational modeling. By taking cellobiose as a model of cellulose, the ∆G results proved that O(6)-H(6) on the glucose ring is the most likely hydroxyl to react with anhydride originated from CA or AA, especially with the terminal carbonyl group.2 of 13 the most promising ones. Among PCAs, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) [11,15,16], citric acid (CA) [17][18][19] and 3,3 ,4,4 -benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid (BPTCA) [20,21] show outstanding performance. Furthermore, CA is a cheap and renewable compound, but it will result in yellowing of the treated fabrics [17,18].Yang confirmed the formation of various unsaturated acids from CA in the anti-wrinkle finishing process [18] and adopted polyols to improve the whiteness index of the CA-treated fabrics [17]. Consequently, the whiteness index of the CA-treated fabrics was improved by polyols, especially xylitol, due to the dicitrate that is formed between CA and polyols being more thermally stable than CA. However, this method means more chemicals being required for the anti-wrinkle finishing of cotton fabrics and brings a greater burden on the environment.Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a strong and green oxidant that can break the C=C bonds, which is the basic principle for the bleaching of raw cotton fabrics. Similarly, H 2 O 2 was employed to bleach the CA-treated fabrics under alkaline conditions (alkaline post-bleaching) [22] or ultraviolet B conditions (UVB post-bleaching) [23], which are aimed at improving the whiteness index. Interestingly, the whiteness index of the CA-treated fabrics was improved, but the anti-wrinkle properties decreased a little. Luo [24] reported that the active agent N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl] caprolactam chloride (TBCC) could be used in H 2 O 2 bleaching of the CA-treated fabrics at a lower temperature and near-neutral conditions (TBCC post-bleaching). Although TBCC post-bleaching improved the whiteness index, the strength retention of the bleached fabrics decr...

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Synthesis and characterization of dialdehyde cellulose/amino‐functionalizedMCM‐41 core‐shellmicrospheres as a new eco‐friendly flame‐retardant nanocomposite

Abboud

Bondock

El‐Zahhar

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Using proper flame‐retardant materials when constructing buildings or fabricating devices is the most important fire safety guidelines. The halogen and phosphorus‐based compounds are among the most effective flame retardants. However, most of these compounds are recognized to have a harmful effect on human body and the environment during combustion. In this context, we designed and synthesized a new eco‐friendly flame‐retardant nanocomposite by combining dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) and amino‐functionalized mesoporous silica MCM‐41 (N‐M41). Spherical N‐M41 nanoparticles have been successfully prepared in one‐pot reaction using tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and then coated with different amounts of DAC through Schiff base reaction between the carbonyl group of DAC and NH2 of APTES. The resulted DAC@N‐M41 nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). TEM micrographs revealed that this nanocomposite was made up of core‐shell nanospheres structure with narrow size distribution (ca. 140 nm). DTA and TGA analysis revelated that the presence of silica within the nanocomposite can effectively increase the char yield, decrease the heat release, and improve the fire performance of the prepared nanocomposite. A mechanism of the reduction in flammability of this nanocomposite has been proposed.

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Flammability of Cellulose-Based Fibers and the Effect of Structure of Phosphorus Compounds on Their Flame Retardancy

Cited by 64 publications

References 31 publications

Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Investigation on Reaction Sequence and Group Site of Citric Acid with Cellulose Characterized by FTIR in Combination with Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy

Synthesis and characterization of dialdehyde cellulose/amino‐functionalizedMCM‐41 core‐shellmicrospheres as a new eco‐friendly flame‐retardant nanocomposite

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