Flammability limits and burning characteristics of CO–H 2 –H 2 O–CO 2 –N 2 mixtures at elevated temperatures

Flammability Limits of Combustible Gases at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

“…When the hydrogen fraction is high and the mixture is highly diluted with carbon dioxide, the prediction error of Kondo's prediction formula will reach 30%. Grune et al 29 and Van den Schoor et al 72 found similar results in studies on the flammability limits of carbon monoxide/hydrogen/water vapor/carbon dioxide/nitrogen and hydrogen/carbon monoxide/nitrogen mixtures at high temperatures, respectively. Figure 4 displays methane flammability limits at high temperatures measured using various sizes and forms of explosive canisters.…”

“…The flammability limits of many flammable gases have been evaluated at ambient temperature and pressure. , However, the flammability limits are affected by the initial temperature, initial pressure, inert medium or impurity gas, , explosion container and shape, ignition energy and position, turbulent flow state, and other environmental factors operating methods. , Many processes are run at elevated temperatures and pressures in current industries, such as the air injection process, − high-temperature reaction process in the chemical industry, − fuel cell or internal combustion engine, waste gas treatment in the metallurgical industry, core melting accidents of nuclear power plants, , and fire accidents. Existing studies have shown that many factors must be considered at high temperatures and pressures, resulting in difficulties in experiments and measurements.…”