Flammability Handbook for Plastics

Hilado, Carlos J.

doi:10.1177/152808378101000308

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…The values for A and B in the equation for the two types of phosphorus-containing polyurethane foams are obtained by the least squares method using a relationship: (1) polyurethanes containing AMPO; (2) polyurethanes containing Fpol6.…”

Section: Rigid Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and studies of phosphorus‐containing polyurethane foams based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride derivatives

Sivriev

Borissov

Żabski

et al. 1982

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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synopsisA phosphorus-and nitrogen-containing polyol is prepared by condensing tetrakis(hydrox ymethy1)phosphonium chloride with diethanol amine in aqueous medium. The newly synthesized p o l y o l -b i s ( h y d r o x y m e t h y l ) -~~-b i a ( 2 -h y~~e t h y l )~o m e~y l p h~p~eoxide (-0) is used in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams with a various phosphorus content. With the view to comparing their properties, polyurethane foams are also prepared on the basis of the commercially available flame retardant diethyl-NJv-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate (FyroL 6). The hmnability, thermal stability, and thennomechanical properties of the polyurethane foams obtained are studied. A certain difference in the behavior of the two m&ied polyurethane foams is observed. The polyurethane foams with AMP0 exhibit a slight increase in the resistance to combustion (oxygen index) and a noticeable improvement in the thermal and mechanical properties. These differences probably arise as a result of structural and functional differences between the two types of phoaphorus:containing flame retardants. INTRODUCTIONThe use of phosphorus-containing flame retardants is one of the well-known methods for improving the resistance to combustion of polyurethane Tetrakis(hydroxymethy1)phosphonium chloride and its tris(hydroxymethy1)-phosphine and tris(hydroxymethy1)phosphine oxide derivatives noted for their high reactivity, as well as for their accessibility, are convenient starting compounds for the synthesis of monomers and polymers with C-P bond^.^^^ The phosphorus methylol derivatives are also successfully employed as reactive flame retardants in the preparation of polyurethanes with reduced flammability and improved stability to hydrolysis. Tetrakis(hydroxymethy1)phosphonium chloride and its derivatives? as well as their reaction products with alkylene osides6-7 and hydroxyl group containing comp0und9,8~~ have been separately or in mixtures with commercially available polyols.Aminomethylphosphine oxides prepared from tetrakis(hydroxymethy1)-phosphonium chloride and polyfunctional amines fmd considerable application in improving the resistance to combustion of t e~t i l e s .~*~J~ The products, crosslinked polymeric aminomethylphosphine oxides, have not been isolated, but are formed on impregnation and subsequent treatment of the textile mate- rials. Methylol derivatives of phosphorus with secondary amines have been reported; they are, however, mainly tris( aminomethy1)phosphine or phosphine oxides.11-14 They are devoid of reactive substituents, and in this way their usefulness in the field of polymers is limited.The aim of the present work is the synthesis ofa phosphorus-and nitrogencontaining polyol from tetrakis(hydroxymethy1)phosphonium chloride and diethanol amine and its use in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams with reduced flammability. The structure and composition of the synthesized polyol were also examined with the view to elucidating their influence on certain properties, chiefly the resistance ...

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Section: Rigid Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and studies of phosphorus‐containing polyurethane foams based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride derivatives

Sivriev

Borissov

Żabski

et al. 1982

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…It is convenient to assign release sizes to the release sequences by the portion of the tank from which the material is released and either the accident [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] force that causes the release or the orientation of the tank during release. The release fractions used in this analysis are presented in Table 8 …”

Section: Release Magnitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the risk of transporting liquid chlorine by rail

Andrews¹

1980

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“…Experimental fires in typical structures have shown that in many cases the minimum concentration of oxygen for survival, or the maximum breathing level temperature for survival, was reached before any toxic gases attained a lethal concentration. 22 The hazard of toxic fire gases is often psychological and sometimes overemphasized, fire fatalities from the inhalation of hot air and gases are significant proportion of fire deaths. Children are spotted as the vulnerable victims of fire accidents.…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Emission Characteristics on Elemental Composition of Selected PVC Ceiling Materials

Dirisu¹,

Oyedepo²,

Fayomi³

et al. 2018

mater focus

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This research work determined the emission characteristics and elemental composition of selected PVC ceiling materials common in Nigerian markets especially during service. This research work determined the emission characteristics and elemental composition of selected PVC ceiling materials common in Nigerian markets. The emission data and elemental structure gave insight to appraise their suitability as ceiling materials. Three PVC ceiling materials were used for this analysis: Nigerian made PVC, layered Composite PVC and white PVC. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) was performed to obtain the elemental structure of the ceiling materials using Ion Beam Analysis facility. 0.05 kg of the samples were combusted in a controlled fire chamber and the gasses emitted; CO, SO 2 , NO, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were identified using four gas analyzers. Elements were detected in total and data collected from the experiment were analyzed. Results showed that Nigerian made PVC has the highest total noxious gas among the three samples with value of 3732.5 ppm while layered composite PVC has the lowest among the PVCs with the value of 1477.5 ppm. The elemental make-ups of the samples influence their emission characteristics. The study established that PVC samples were noxious in terms of their emission characteristics due to the effects of their elemental basis.

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Flammability Handbook for Plastics

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Synthesis and studies of phosphorus‐containing polyurethane foams based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride derivatives

Synthesis and studies of phosphorus‐containing polyurethane foams based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride derivatives

Assessment of the risk of transporting liquid chlorine by rail

Effects of Emission Characteristics on Elemental Composition of Selected PVC Ceiling Materials

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