Flammability Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

Tewarson, A.

doi:10.1021/bk-1990-0425.ch032

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Halon 1301 concentrations for flame extinction for the composite polymeric materials exposed to 50 kW/m) of external heat flux (taken from Reference(12]) sive chemical changes in the combustion of PMMA by Halon 1301, as expected.…”

supporting

confidence: 57%

“…Composite Materials in FMRC 50 kW Scale Apparatus Figure 5 shows data for Halon 1301 concentration for flame extinction for the composite materials exposed to 50 kW/ml of external heat flux, where data are taken from Reference [12]. In all these materials, flame extinction occurs between 3.0 to 4.5% of Halon 1301 concentration, which is within the range of value reported for the laminar diffusion flames of polymers.…”

Section: Fmrc Electrical Arc Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…In the experiments, 0.10 m x 0.10 m x 0.025 m thick horizontal slabs of PMMA and eight composite materials were used. The data for composite materials are taken from Reference [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extinguishment of Diffusion Flames of Polymeric Materials by Halon 1301

Tewarson¹,

Khan²

1993

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Halon 1301 flame extinction results are discussed for the combustion of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), eight composite materials, and carbon in the gas phase. Two types of combustion and flame extinction experiments were performed: (1) in the Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) flammability apparatus (50 kW scale) for PMMA and composite materials, and (2) in the FMRC electrical arc apparatus for carbon in the gas phase.For char forming composite materials, mass transfer from the surface was low, turbulent diffusion flames were not generated, and flame extinction occurred between 3 to 4.5% of Halon 1301, close to the value reported for the laminar diffusion flames of polymers. For non-charring PMMA, mass transfer from the surface was high, flames were turbulent, and flame extinction was found at about 6% of Halon 1301, contrary to the accepted value of about 4% for the laminar diffusion flames of polymers. With Halon 1301 the conditions for flame instability and extinction for combustion efficiency less than about 0.40, with significant increase in the amounts of products of incomplete combustion (such as CO and hydrocarbon), were in agreement with flame instability and extinction found for fuel-rich conditions inside well-ventilated laminar and turbulent diffusion flames, in ceiling layers of combustion products, in enclosure fires, in ventilation-controlled buoyant diffusion flames of polymers, and for flame extinction of heptane flames by water.Experiments in the FMRC electrical arc apparatus showed that in the gas phase combustion of carbon vapors generated in high energy arc, chemical heat release rate and combustion efficiency decreased with increase in Halon 1301. Downloaded from 408 At about 7.5% of Halon 1301, conditions were close to flame extinction and at 9.0%, oxidative pyrolysis of carbon was indicated. Concentrations of Br-and Fions, generated from the decomposition of Halon 1301, were also measured.Concentration of Br-ions was higher than the concentration of F-ions, although there are three F atoms and only one Br atom in Halon 1301. There was brown deposit on the walls of the apparatus with extensive corrosion of rubber gaskets, electrical fan, and other components.The techniques discussed in this article appear to be attractive for the assessment of flame extinguishability and corrosive characteristics of fire suppressants to replace ozone layer depleting Halons.

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confidence: 57%

Section: Fmrc Electrical Arc Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 53%

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Extinguishment of Diffusion Flames of Polymeric Materials by Halon 1301

Tewarson¹,

Khan²

1993

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…Previous studies of 01 between 100 and 300 ° C show a consistent trend of reduction in 01 with increase in temperature [4,13,14]. Two researchers [4,14] found higher 01 at 100°C than 20°C for several samples.…”

Section: Oi Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Two researchers [4,14] found higher 01 at 100°C than 20°C for several samples. We believe their observations may be due to absorbed moisture affecting the 01 of these materials up to 100°C.…”

Section: Oi Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

High Temperature Oxygen Index Instrument with Quantitative FT-IR Gas Analysis

Kinsella

Nelson

Haigis

et al. 1995

Journal of Fire Sciences

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A bench-scale instrument has been constructed which provides a fire hazard and combustion product profile of polymers and composites used in advanced construction. Novel to the instrument is that a standardized test of material flammability (oxygen index) can be measured as a function of sample exposure temperature up to 800°C. Sample mass loss is measured concurrently ; and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is used for on-line quantification of evolved gas species during heating, burning, and smoldering of the sample. The instrument has applications for industrial quality control of the fire characteristics of processed materials, and research and development of new building materials. This article describes the instrument and presents measurement results for several materials.

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New developments in flame retardancy of glass‐reinforced epoxy composites

Kandola

Horrocks

Myler

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This work involves the development of novel glass fiber-reinforced composite materials containing a commercially available epoxy resin, a phosphate-based intumescent, and inherently flame-retardant cellulosic (Visil, Sateri) and phenol-formaldehyde (Kynol) fibers. The intumescent and flame-retardant fiber components were added both as additives in pulverized form and fiber interdispersed with the intumescent as a fabric scrim for partial replacement of glass fiber. Thermal stability, char formation, and flammability properties of these novel structures were studied by thermal analysis, limiting oxygen index, and cone calorimetry. The results are discussed in terms of effect of individual additive component on thermal degradation/ burning behavior of neat resin.

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Flammability Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Extinguishment of Diffusion Flames of Polymeric Materials by Halon 1301

Extinguishment of Diffusion Flames of Polymeric Materials by Halon 1301

High Temperature Oxygen Index Instrument with Quantitative FT-IR Gas Analysis

New developments in flame retardancy of glass‐reinforced epoxy composites

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